- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangལྟ་འདི་རེད། ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོའི་རེ་བ་དང་ངས་བསྡུས་གྲྭ་དེ་ནས་ཅུང་ཟད་བཤད་ཡག་རེད།As per your request, I am going to give a brief talk on düdra (pramana).
- དེ་སོང་ཙང་བསྡུས་གྲྭ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། བསྡུས་གྲྭ་ཞེས་མིང་བཏགས་དགོས་ཡག་དེ་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན།So why it is called düdra?
- ཚད་མ་རིག་པའི་རིག་ལམ་གྱི་རུ་གཟུགས་དེ་མདོར་བསྡུས་ཤིག་ཚུར། སྙིང་པོ་འདི་གས་དེ།It is the collection of critical points of the Buddhist logic.
- འོ་མདོར་བསྡུས་ནས་བཤད་པའི་འོ་འདི་ནས་བསྟན་བཅོས་ལ་བསྡུས་གྲྭ་བསྡུས་གྲྭ་ཟེར་བ་རེད། བསྡུས་གྲྭ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད།This treatise containing the collection of the main points of the Buddhist logic is called düdra.
- དེ་བྱས་ཙང་ད་རེད་འཁྲིད་ཡག་དེ་རེད་པ། ཨམ་བསྡུས་གྲྭའི་སྤྱི་དོན་དེ་རེད་པ།So today we are going to talk about the general meaning of the düdra.
- བསྡུས་གྲྭ་འི་སྤྱི་དོན་ལ་ས་བཅད་ཀྱི་དབང་དུ་བྱས་སོང་ན། ལྟ་དེ་རེད་དབྱེ་གཞི། ཤེས་བྱ་ཤེས་པ། ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ་ལྟ་བུ་དཔེར་མཚོན་ནས་བཤད་པ་རེད།Regarding the outline of düdra, today we will take shéja and try to understand it with illustrations.
- ཤེས་བྱས་ཤེས་པ་ལ་ཤེས་བྱའི་མཚན་ཉིད། ཤེས་བྱ་དོན་གཅིག་པ། དེ་དག་གི་མཚན་ཉིད། སྤྱིར་མཚན་མཚོན་གཞི་གསུམ་གྱི་འོ་དོན་ཞིབ་པར་ཤེས་པ་བྱས་ཙང་།To understand shéja, we need to know the definition of shéja (tsennyi), the object to be defined (tsönja), and the definiendum. In short, we need to know tsen, tsön, and zhi.
- ས་བཅད་དོན་ཚན་བཞི་སྒོ་ནས་བཤད་ཀྱི་ཡིན་བྱས་པ་རེད། ལྟ་དང་པོ་ཤེས་བྱའི་མཚན་ཉིད་བཤད་པ་ལ།So this will be explained in four points. The first point is the definition of shéja.
- བློའི་ཡུལ་དུ་བྱ་རུང་ཤེས་བྱའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཡིན་ཟེར་བྱ་རེད།Anything that can be known by our mind is the definition of shéja.
- ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན། བློའི་ཡུལ་དུ་བྱ་རུང་། ལྟ་ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ལ་བྱས་སོང་ན། བློའི་ཡུལ་དུ་བྱ་རུང་དེ་ཤེས་བྱའི་མཚན་ཉིད་དེ་རེད།So according to Buddhist logic, anything knowable it the definition of shéja.
- འོ་ཤེས་བྱ། ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་བློའི་ཡུལ་དུ་བྱ་རུང་བ་གཅིག་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་བ་རེད།Anything knoweable is called shéja.
- ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཞེས་པའི་འགྲེལ་བཤད། དེའི་འགྲེལ་བཤད་ནི་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། དེའི་འགྲེལ་བཤད་ནི་ཀ་བུམ་ལ་སོགས་པའི་ཆོས་གང་དང་གང་ཡིན་ཡང་། སེམས་ཅན་ནས་སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་བར་གྱི་བློ་སྤྱིའི་ཡུལ་དུ་བྱ་རུང་བ་ཡིན་པ་ཆ་ནས་དེ་དག་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཞེས་པ་རེད།Now according to the definition of the term shéja, anything knowable to a living being to a Buddha is called shéja. For examples, a pillar and a vase are examples of shéja.
- ལྟ་ང་རང་ཚོ་དེབ་རེད། སྒྲོག་རྩེ་རེད། འོ་རེད་ནས་ང་རང་ཚོ་མི་རེད། འོ་གང་ཟག་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག ཁང་པ་ལ་སོགས་པ་དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Our goods like a book, a table, a house, or person are all examples of shéja.
- བློའི་ཡུལ་དུ་བྱ་རུང་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། འདི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་དགོས་དོན་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ང་ཚོས་ཤེས་པར་བྱེད་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་པས་ན། ཤེས་བྱ་བྱས་པ་རེད། ཤེས་པ་རེད།That is anything knowable. It is called shéja because these things are knowable to us.
- ལྟ་མི་རྒན་གྱི་འདི་གཅིག་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་ཡག་ཡོད་མ་རེད་པཱ། ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཤེས་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་མཁན་ཞིག་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་བྱ་རེད།Unless we can't comprehend, anything knowable is shéja.
- འོ་ལྟ་དེ་ནས་ཡང་དེ་རེད་པ། ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཤེས་པར་བྱེད་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་པས་ན་ཤེས་བྱས་པ་རེད་པ།Anything knowable is the definition of shéja.
- ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱའི་མཚན་གཞི་ནི། དེ་ཤེས་བྱ་མཚན་ཉིད་དེ་འདི་རེད་པ། བློའི་ཡུལ་དུ་བྱ་རུང་དེ་ཤེས་བྱའི་མཚན་ཉིད་རེད་པ།Now the tsenzhi or the example of shéja, right now we have the definition of shéja as anything knowable.
- ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱའི་མཚན་གཞི་ནི། མཚན་མཚོན་སྐྱོན་མེད་ཟུང་གཅིག་གིས་རྟེན་བྱས་པ་དེ་མཚན་གཞིའི་མཚན་ཉིད་དོ།Now tsenzhi is defined as tsentsön kyönmé zungchik.
- ལྟ་ང་ཚོ་རང་ཚོའི་མཚན་མཚོན་སྐྱོན་མེད་ཟུང་། མཚན་མཚོན་སྐྱོན་མེད་ཟུང་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན། མཚན་ཉིད་དང་མཚོན་ཆ། ཟུང་ཟེར་ན་གཉིས་ཀྱི་མིང་རེད།What is the meaning of tsentsön kyönmé zung? It means the definition and the example [without contradicting with each other]. Here the word zung means two.
- འོ་ཟུང་གཅིག་གིས་རྟེན་བྱས་པ་དེ་མཚན་གཞི་མཚན་གཞིའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད། མཚན་གཞི་མཚན་ཉིད། མཚན་གཞི་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད།That is the meaning of tsenzhi.
- ལྟ་མཚན་གཞིའི་དབྱེ་བ་ལ། མཚན་གཞི་ཟེར་དུས་ངོས་འཛིན་བྱས་ན་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན།Now tsenzhi or what are the examples?
- ཀ་བ། བུམ་བ། གཟུགས། ཤེས་པ། རྣམ་རྒྱལ། ནམ་མཁའ། འགོག་བདེན། ཀ་བའི་ལྡོག་པ། ཀ་བ་དང་གཅིག ཀ་བ་ཐ་དད། དོན་སྤྱི། རི་བོང་ར་མེད། ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས། རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས། ལྟ་དེའི་སྒང་ལ་ཡིན་ན། སྒྲོག་རྩེ། རྐུབ་རྐྱག ཁང་པ་ཟེར་ཡག་ར་པོ། འོ་ཤིང་ཟེར་ཡག་ར་པོ། དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་ཤེས་བྱའི་མཚན་གཞི་ལ་བཞག་གི་རེད།A pillar, a vase, form-body, cognition, namgyal, the sky, gokden, dönchi, rabbit, a pillar's dokpa, kabu, and takngö are all examples of shéja. In addition to this list, we have things like table, chair, house, wood and so on.
- ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། འོ་འདི་འདྲས་རེད། འོ་བྱས།Now you understand it.
- འདིའི་ནང་ནས་ཀ་བ། ཀ་བ་ཧ་གོ་གི་འདུག་ག ཀ་བ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཁང་པའི་ཀ་བ་རེད་པ། ཁང་པའི་ཀ་བ།Do you know the meaning of the word kawa (pillar)? It is the one we used as a support for a building.
- ཁང་པའི་ཀ་བ་དེ་ཡང་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད།So the pillar for a building is also an example of shéja.
- ལྟ་བུམ་པ་ནི། བུམ་བུ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ལྟོ་ལྡིར། ཞབས་ཞུམ། ཆུ་སྐྱོར་གྱི་དོན་བྱེད་ནུས་པའི་དངོས་པ་ཞིག་ལ་དེ་ནས་བུམ་པ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་པ། འོ་འདི་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད། དེ་ཡང་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད།Here the bumpa (vase) means a round bellied and container that can hold water. So bumpa is an example of shéja.
- གཟུགས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། ལྟ་གཟུགས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ལྟ་ང་ཚོའི་སྒྲོག་རྩེ། གཅིག་གི་དེ་ནས་གདན་ཟེར་ཡག་ར་པོ། ཁང་པ་ཟེར་ཡག་ར་པོ། ཤིང་ཟེར་ཡག་ར་པོ། ལྟ་དེ་ཚོ་ཅ་ལག་ཡོ་བྱས་དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་གཟུགས་ཡིན་བསམ་ན་འགྲིག་གི་ཡོད་རེད། གཟུགས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ།Now what is zuk (form-body)? You can think the things like a table, a mattress, a house, a wood, and so on are all examples of zuk.
- ལྟ་ཤེས་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། ཤེས་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་ཟེར་ན། ང་རང་ཚོའི་མིག་གི་རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ། དེ་ནས་སྒྲ་ཐོས་མཁན་གྱི་ཉན་ཤེས། དྲི་སྣམ་ཤེས་མཁན་གྱི། ཨང་དེ་ནས་སྣ་ཤེས། རོ་མྱོང་ཤེས་མཁན་གྱི་ལྕེ་ཤེས། དེ་ནས་ང་རང་ཚོ་རིག་པའི་གནས་ལ་སྦྱངས་ཤེས་མཁན་གྱི་ལྟ་སེམས་ཡོད་རེད་པ།Now what is shépa (cognition)? We have the five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Then we have mind that enable us to acquire new knowledge.
- དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་ཤེས་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད། ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ལ། ཤེས་པ་ཟེར། དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་ཤེས་པའི་ཁོངས་སུ་གཏོགས་པ་རེད།In logic, they are parts of shépa.
- དེ་ནས་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་ཟེར། རྣམ་རྒྱལ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཅིག་(ཞིག་)ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་སོང་ན།Next, what is namgyel?
- སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཆོས་ལུགས་ལ་བྱས་སོང་། ལྟ་ད་ལྟ་སྦྱངས་ནས་རིག་པའི་གནས་མཐའ་དག་སྦྱངས་སྟེ་རིག་པའི་གནས་ཐམས་ཅད་ཤེས་པ་རེད་པ། ཐམས་ཅད་ཤེས་པ་མཐར་འགྲོ་མཁན་གྱི་ཤེས་པ་དེ་ལ་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་ཟེར་བ་རེད། རྣམ་རྒྱལ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ།In Buddhism, once you mastered all the knowledge, that shépa which achieve that feat is called namgyel.
- ལྟ་དེ་སངས་རྒྱས་འཕགས་པའི་ཐུགས་རྒྱུད་ལ་ཡོད་རེད་མ་གཏོགས་ང་རང་ཚོ་སེམས་ཅན་གྱི་རྒྱུད་ལ་མེད་ཟེར་བ་རེད།Only the exalted ones, like the Buddha, possess such trait. Ordinary people like us don't have it.
- ལྟ་ནམ་མཁའ་ཟེར། ནམ་མཁན་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཐོགས་སྒྲུབ་མེད་མཁན། རེག་སྒྲུབ་མེད་མཁན། འོ་འདི་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ནམ་མཁན་ཟེར།The next word is namkha (the sky or space). It is something that we can't obtain or touch it.
- དཔེར་ན་ང་རང་ཚོ་ལག་པ་ཕར་འདུག་སེ་རྐྱོང་ཡག་འདུག་ག སྐུམ་ཡག་འདུག་ག འོ་འདི་འདྲས་སེ་ཡར་ལངས། ས་ལ་བསྡད་བྱས་ཡག་འདུག་གFor example, we can stretch or pull our hands back like this.
- འདི་འདྲས་བྱས་ཡོད་པ་དེ་ག་གིས་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ནམ་མཁའ་དེས་བྱས་པ་རེད་བྱས་པ་རེད།It's the presence namkha makes it possible.
- ནམ་མཁན་མེད་ན་ང་རང་ཚོ་གནམ་གྲུ་འཕུར་བྱེད་ཡག་ཡོད་མ་རེད།In the absence of the sky, the airplane can't fly.
- བྱ་འཕུར་ཤེས་ཀྱི་མ་རེད།The birds can't fly.
- གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན་ང་རང་ཚོ་འདུག་སེ་བྱས་སོང་ན། དེས་བཀབ་ཚར་བ་དང་དེ་ནས་ཕར་འགྲོ་ས་མེད་འདུག་གThat is because when we do something like this, we can't go further. This (cushion) blocks our way.
- ལྟ་དེ་ནས་ཕར་འདུག་སེ་འགྲོ་ཡག་དེ་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ནམ་མཁའ་དེ་སྟོང་པ་རེད་པ།We can go this way because of namkha, which is empty.
- ཁོ་ཐོགས་ཡག་མེད་ཙང་སོང་བ་དང་། ནམ་མཁའ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཐོགས་བྱེད་ཀྱི་རེག་པ་བཀག་ཙམ་གྱིས། མི་བཀག་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ནམ་མཁན་མཚན་ཉིད་ལ་བྱུང་པ་རེད། ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ལ་ཕྱིན་སོང་ན། དེ་ནམ་མཁའ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་བྱས།So in logic or science of evidence, namkha is the space that we can't touch.
- ལྟ་འགོག་བདེན་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག འགོག་བདེན་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཅིག་(ཞིག་)ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཉོན་མོངས་པའི་སྒྲིབ་པ་ཐམས་ཅད་སྤངས་པའི་བྲལ་ཆ་ཞིག་ལ་འགོག་བདེན་ཟེར་བ་རེད།Next, we have the word gokden. It means getting rid of the evil of disturbing emotions.
- ད་ལྟ་ང་རང་ཚོ་རྒྱུད་ལ་དེ་ཡོད་རེད་པ། ཁོང་ཁྲོ་ཡོད་རེད། འདོད་ཆགས་ཡོད་རེད། ཞེ་སྡང་ཡོད་རེད། མ་ཤེས་པའི་མུན་པ་ཡོད་རེད་པ།Currently, we have the three poisons: anger, desire, and hatred.
- དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་བསངས་བྱས། འོ་འདི་གས་ཀྱི་སྐྱོན་མཐའ་དག་སྤངས་པའི་ཆ་ཞིག་ལ་འགོག་བདེན་ཟེར་བྱ་རེད།When we are free from all these three poisons, that aspect is gokden.
- དེ་ཡག་སངས་རྒྱས་ཐུགས་རྒྱུད་ལ་མ་གཏོགས་ང་རང་ཚོའི་རྒྱུད་ལ་ཡོད་མ་རེད།It's part of a Buddha's character, not ours.
- ལྟ་ཡང་འགོག་བདེན་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གཅིག་ནས་ཡིན་ན་སོ་སོར་བརྟགས་འགོག་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཐར་པ་ཡང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། འགོག་བདེན་ཟེར་གྱི་མིང་ཁོ་ར་ཡང་། མིང་མི་འདྲ་བ་མང་པོ་ཡོད་རེད། གྱ་ནོམ་པ་ཡང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ངེས་འབྱུང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།For the term gokden, we can also use, sosortakgok (analytical cessation), tarpa (nirvana), gyanompa (exaltedness) or ngéjung (liberation).
- ལྟ་འགོག་བདེན་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ལ་སྒྲིབ་པ་གཉིས་ཅར་སྤངས་པའི་འགོག་བདེན་གཅིག་དང་། རང་གི་ངོས་གི་སྤང་བྱར་རྒྱུར་བའི་དྲི་མ་གང་ཡང་རུང་བ་ཞིག་སྤངས་པའི་ལྟ་འགོག་བདེན་གཉིས་ཡོད་རེད།There are two kinds of gokdens, one is getting rid of two obstructions, and the other one is a general one.
- འོ་བྱས་ཙང་འགོག་བདེན་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་དེ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད། ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད།So gokden is also considered as shéja.
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentདགེ་བཤེས་ལགས། དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ་ལ་འགོག་བདེན་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Geshilak, can we say that an arhat has gokden?
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ། དགྲ་བཅོམ་པའི་རྒྱུད་ལ་འགོག་བདེན་ཡོད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Yes, we say that an arhat has gokden as part his or her character.
- དགྲ་བཅོམ་ཟེར་ཡག་དེ་གང་རེད་ཟེར་སོང་ན། ཉོན་མོངས་པའི་དགྲ་བཅོམ་པས་ན་དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ་བྱས་པ་རེད་པ།An arhat is someone who conquered the disturbing emotion, the true enemy.
- ལྟ་དེའི་རྒྱུད་ལ་འགོག་བདེན་ཡོད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ངེས་པར་དུ་ཡོད་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད། དགྲ་བཅོམ་པའི་རྒྱུད་ལ།So we say an arhat has gokden as a trait. It is indispensable.
- འགོག་བདེན་ཡོད་མཁན་དེ་དགྲ་བཅོམ་རྒྱུད་ལ་མ་གཏོགས་ཡོད་མ་རེད། འོ་ལྟ་དེ་རེད།Only an arhat has gokden.
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentལགས་སོ།Okay.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའདི་ཁྱེད་རྣམ་ཚོས་ཡག་པོ་ཤེས་སོང་ངས།Is it clear to you all?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentལགས་སོ།Yes.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangད་ལྟ་ང་རང་ཚོའི་རྒྱུད་ལ་འགོག་བདེན་ཡོད་མ་རེད། ལྟ་ངའི་རྒྱུད་ལ་འགོག་བདེན་ཡོད་མ་རེད།Currently, we don't have gokten as a part of our character. I don't have it.
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentལགས་སོ།Okay.
- འགོག་བདེན་ཡོད་ན་(མེད་ཙང་)ང་ལ་ཁོང་ཁྲོ་ལངས་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་རེད་པ། དགྲ་བཅོམ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཁོང་ཁྲོ་ལངས་ཡག་རྒྱུན་ནས་ཡོད་མ་རེད།Because I don't have it, I could get angry. However, an arhat will never get angry.
- མཚོན་ཆ་བཞུས་སོང་ནའི་ཚ་ཡག ཚ་བ་དང་ན་བ་ལ་སོགས་པ་ནམ་ཡང་ཡོད་མ་རེད། དགྲ་བཅོམ་པའི་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་རྒྱུད་ལ།No weapon can harm arhats, and they don't experience any pain.
- འོ་འདི་འདྲས་རེད། དེ་ཡག་པོ་ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། འགོག་བདེན་ཟེར་མཁན་འདི་དེ་འདྲ་ཞིག་རེད།That's is gokden, hope you have understood it.
- ལྟ་ཀ་བའི་ལྡོག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག ཀ་བའི་ལྡོག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ལ་ག་རེ་བཞག་དགོས་རེད་ཟེར་ན་ངོས་འཛིན་བྱེད་ཡག་ཁོ་ལ། ཀ་བ་ཁོ་རང་ཞོག་དགོས་རེད། ཀ་བའི་ལྡོག་པ་ལ། ཀ་བ།In the list of examples, we have a pillar's dokpa (conceptual characteristics). A pillar's dokpa is the pillar itself.
- ཀ་བ་ལྡོག་པ་ཞོག་ཞེས་མི་ཞིག་གིས་དྲིས་སོང་ན། ཀ་བ་ལྡོག་པ་ག་རེ་རེད་ཟེར་སོང་ན། ཀ་བ་དེ་ཀ་བའི་ལྡོག་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི།If someone asked you give a pillar's dokpa, you can it is the pillar itself.
- ལྟ་ཁྱེད་རང་གི་ལྡོག་པ་ཞོག་ཟེར་སོང་ན། ག་ཟེར་གཞོག་གི་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཁྱེད་རང་རང་བཞག་གི་རེད།Again if that person asked you to give your dokpa, the answer is you.
- གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཨར་་་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་ཡོད་རེད། རྡུལ་ཕྲའི་རྩ་ཚིག་དྭངས་སང་མེ་ལོང་ཟེར་མཁན་རྩོམ་མཁན་གྱི་མཁས་པ་ཞིག་ཡོད་རེད། ཨམ་མདོ་ཞིགThe author of the treatise called Dültré Tsatsik Dangsang Mélong, a scholar from Amdo,
- ཁོང་གིས། "ཆོས་ཀུན་རང་ཉིད་རང་གི་ལྡོག་པ་ཉིད།" ཟེར་བ་རེད།he said, "All phenomena are their dokpa."
- ཆོས་ཀུན། ད་སྒྲོག་རྩེ་འདི་སྒྲོག་རྩེའི་ལྡོག་པ་རེད། གདན་དེ་གདན་གྱི་ལྡོག་པ་རེད། ཁང་པ་དེ་ཁང་པའི་ལྡོག་པ་རེད།This table's dokpa is the table itself. Likewise, this mattress' dokpa is the mattress.
- བོད་དེ་བོད་ཀྱི་ལྡོ་པ་རེད། རྒྱ་ནག་དེ་རྒྱ་ནག་གི་ལྡོག་པ་རེད། ཨ་མི་རི་ཀ་དེ་ཨ་མི་རི་ཀའི་ལྡོག་པ་རེད། དབྱིན་ཇི་དེ་དབྱིན་ཇིའི་ལྡོག་པ་རེད། འོ་འདུག་སེ་རེད།Tibet's dokpa is Tibet. China's dokpa is China. America's dokpa is America. England's dokpa is England.
- ཕ་རན་སི་དེ་ཕ་རན་སིའི་ལྡོག་པ་རེད། ལྟ་ང་ཚོ་གང་ག རི་དེ་རིའི་ལྡོག་པ་ཡིན། ནམ་མཁའ་དེ་ནམ་མཁའི་ལྡོག་པ་ཡིན།France's dokpa is France. A mountain's dokpa is mountain itself. The sky's dokpa is the sky itself.
- དེ་ཡག་པོ་ཤེས་སོང་ང་།Do you understand?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentལགས་སོ།Yes.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་ཕོར་པ་དེ་ཕོར་པའི་ལྡོག་པ་ཡིན། འོ་ཟེར་ཡག་ལ། དེབ་དེ་དེབ་ཀྱི་ལྡོག་པ་ཡིན། འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ད།A bowl's bow itself. A book's dokpa is the book itself.
- འོ་ལྟ་ཀ་བའི་ལྡོག་པ་ཟེར། ལྟ་ཞོག་དུས་འདུག་སེ་ཞོག་གི་རེད།So how is how you answer it when someone you to give a pillar's dokpa.
- ད་ཀ་བ་དང་གཅིག ཀ་བའི་ལྡོག་པ་བྱེད་པ་དང་། ཀ་བ་དང་གཅིག་ཟེར་ཡག་དེ་ཁ་ནས་ཟེར་སྟངས་མི་འདྲ་མ་གཏོགས་གཅིག་པ་རེད།A pillar's dokpa and kawadangchik worded differently, buy both mean the same thing.
- ཀ་བ་དང་གཅིག་ཟེར་མཁན་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་སོང་ན། ཀ་བ་ཁོ་རང་བཞག་གི་རེད། ཀ་བ་ཁོ་རང་མ་གཏོགས་བཞག་ཡོག་ཡོད་མ་རེད།For something like kawadangchik, we give the pillar itself. You can't give other.
- བུམ་པ་དང་གཅིག་ཞོག་ཟེར་ན། བུམ་པ་ཁོ་རང་མ་གཏོགས་ལྟ་གཞན་དག་བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་གི་མ་རེད།If someone asks you to give kawadangchik, we say it is the pillar itself.
- རི་བོ་དང་གཅིག་ཞོག་ཟེར་ན། རི་བོ་ཁོ་ན་མ་གཏོགས་གཞན་དག་བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་ཡོད་མ་རེད།If someone asks you ribodangchik, we say it is the mountain itself.
- ལྟ་ཁམས་བུམ་པ་བུམ་པ་དང་གཅིག་ཞོག་ཟེར་སོང་ན། བུམ་པ་ཁོ་རང་བཞགLikewise, for bumpadangchik to give, it is bumpa (vase) itself.
- གཞན་དག་བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་ཡོད་མ་རེད་ད།You can't give other answers.
- ལྟ་ཡང་ང་རང་ཚོ་བོད་ཀྱི་བོད་དང་གཅིག་ཞོག་ཟེར་ན་བོད་ཞོག་གི་རེད།Again if someone asks you to give Bö dangchik, we say it is Bö (Tibet) itself.
- ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ལ་ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ་གང་ག་ལྡོག་པ་རེ་རེ་ཡོད་རེད། གཅིག་རེ་རེ་ཡོད་རེད། ལྟ་ཁོ་རང་ཁོ་རང་དོགས་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།In Buddhist logic, each shéja has one dokpa and that is itself.
- ལྟ་བོད་བོད་ཀྱི་ལྡོག་པ་ཡིན། རྒྱ་ནག་རྒྱ་ནག་གི་ལྡོག་པ་ཡིན། ཨ་མི་རི་ཀ་ཨ་མི་རི་ཀའི་ལྡོག་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Tibet's dokpa is Tibet. China's dokpa is China. America's dokpa is America.
- ལྟ་ང་ལ་ཡིན་ན། ཚེ་དབང་ཟེར་བ་རེད་པ། ཚེ་དབང་ཚེ་དབང་གི་ལྡོག་པ་ཡིན། ཚེ་དབང་ཚེ་དབང་དང་གཅིག་ཡིན། འོ་འདི་འདྲ་སེ་ལབ་ཀྱི་རེད་འདུག་གMy name is Tsewang. We say that Tsewang's dokpa is Tsewang.
- ཀ་བ་དང་གཅིག་ཟེར། ད་ཀ་བ་དང་ཐ་དད། ཀ་བ་དང་ཐ་དད་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ག་ར་ཞོག་དགོས་རེད་ཟེར་ན།Now if someone asks you to give anything that is tadé (separate, different) from a pillar,
- ད་དཔེར་ན། སྒྲོག་རྩེ་དེ་ལྟ་བུ་ཀ་བ་དང་ཐ་དད་དུ་བཞག་གི་རེད། ཐ་དད་ཐ་དད་ཟེར་མཁན་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། སོ་སོར་ཡིན་མཁན་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་ལ་རེད།for example, in the case of this table, we give this table as tadé or distinct from a pillar. The word tadé something that different from another item in the question.
- ད་འདི་དང་འདི་གཉིས་སོ་སོ་རེད་པ་མ་རེད་པ། འདི་ཁག་ཁག་རེད་པ། སྒྲོག་རྩེ་དེ་ཁག་ཁག་རེད་པ། འོ་བྱས་ཙང་ཀ་བ་དང་ཐ་དད་བཞག་ན་འདི་བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་གི་ཡོད་རེད།Is this tray on this table distinct or not? So we can give this ashtray as something tadé or distinct from a pillar as an example.
- ཀ་བ་དང་ཐ་དད་ལ་ཕོར་པ་བཞག ཀ་བ་དང་ཐ་དད་ལ་རི་བོ་བཞག འོ་དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་ཀ་བ་མིན་མཁན་གྱི་ཆོས་གང་ག་ཀ་བ་དང་ཐ་དད་ལ་བཞག་གི་རེད།Likelike, we can give a bowl, a mountain, or others as something tadé from a pillar. Any object but other than the pillar itself.
- ད་དེ་མཚོ་དང་རི་གང་ག་ལ་བཞག་གི་རེད་ད། བོད་དང་ཐ་དད་ཞོག་ཟེར་ན། འདི་བཞག རྒྱ་ནག་བཞག འོ་ད་རྒྱ་གར་བཞགFor a lake or a mountain, we can give similar examples. If you are asked to give Tibet's tadé, you can give China or India.
- ཕ་རན་སི་བཞག་ཡག་སོགས་པ་དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་ལྟ་དཔེར་ན་བོད་དང་ཐ་དད་ལ་བོད་མ་ཡིན་པའི་ཆོས་གང་ག་བོད་དང་ཐ་དད་ལ་བཞགWe can also give France. Anything other than Tibet.
- ཀ་བ་མ་ཡིན་པའི་ཆོས་གང་ག་ཀ་བ་དང་ཐ་དད་ལ་བཞག འོ་འདི་འདྲས་བྱེད་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད། ཀ་བ་དང་ཐ་དད་ཟེར་གྱི་འདུག་གFor a pillar, we can give any object as tadé from the object itself.
- དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག ལྟ་དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་བ་རེད་ཟེར་ན།The next word is dönchi. How do we define this term?
- ལྟ་ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་ཡིན་ན་ད་ལྟ་ཕ་ཡུལ་གྱི་རྣམ་པ་བསམ་བློ་བཏང་བ་ཡིན་ན། ཕ་ཕུལ་གྱི་རྣམ་པ་འཆར་གྱི་འདུག་གམ་མི་འདུག་གམ།When you think your home country, you form a mental picture inside your head.
- འོ་འདི་ལ་དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་བ་རེད། ཕ་ཡུལ་གྱི་རྣམ་པ་ད་ལྟ་སེམས་ནང་ལ་ཤར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་གThat idea or thought is dönchi. In this case, the landscape of your home country.
- ཕ་ཡུལ་ངོ་མ་ཁོ་ཡིད་ལ་འཆར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་པ། ལྟ་འདི་ཕ་ཡུལ་ངོ་མ་ཁོ་མ་རེད་པ།You have this mental picture, but it is not your real country.
- འོ་འདི་ལ་དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་བ་རེད། དཔེར་ན། བུམ་བ་འཛིན་པའི་རྟོག་པ་ལ། བུམ་པ་ནང་བཞིན་བུམ་པ་ལྟ་བུ་སྣང་བའི་ཆ་དེ་ལ། ལྟ་བུམ་པའི་དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་བ་རེད།That is the meaning of the word dönchi. To give another example, when you think of a vase, you have an idea of it. That is the vase's dönchi.
- ཀ་བ་འཛིན་པའི་རྟོག་པ་ལ། ཀ་བ་ཇི་ལྟ་བའམ་ཀ་བ་ལྟ་བུར་སྣང་བའི་ཆ་དེ་ལ་ཀ་བའི་དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་བ་རེད། ཀ་བའི་ཀ་བ་ངོ་མ་ཁོ་མ་རེད།Likewise, a pillar's dönchi is an idea or the mental picture you have of a pillar. However, that idea or the thought itself is not the real pillar.
- ངའི་ཕ་ཡུལ་གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་རེད་པ། ལྟ་ད་ལྟ་གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་རྣམ་པ་དེ་ང་ལ་ཡིད་ལ་ལམ་སེང་འཆར་གྱི་འདུག་གMy native place is Zhikatsé. I can quickly form a mental picture of that place.
- ངའི་ཡིད་ལ་འཆར་མཁན་གྱི་གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་འཆར་མཁན་དེ་གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་ངོ་མ་ཁོ་མ་རེད། གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་བ་རེད།That mental image of Zhikatsé formed in my head is Zhikatsé's dönchi. It is not the physical place itself.
- ལྟ་རྣམ་པ། རྣམ་པ་ར་པོ། འོ་དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་བ་དེ་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཞུ་གི་རེད།That appearance or mental picture is dönchi.
- ལྟ་དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ལྟ་ཡང་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཚད་གང་ག་ལ་དོན་སྤྱི་བཞག་གི་རེད།Anything that is shéja is dönchi.
- ཤིང་ལ་ཡིན་ན་ཤིང་འཛིན་པའི་རྟོག་པ་ལ་ཤིང་ལྟ་བུར་སྣང་བའི་ཆ་དེར་ཤིང་གི་དོན་སྤྱིན་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།In case of a wood, its dönchi is that idea of wood.
- ཀ་བ་འཛིན་པའི་རྟོག་པ་ལ་ཀ་བ་ལྟ་བུར་སྣང་བའི་ཆ་དེར་ཀ་བའི་དོན་སྤྱི་ཡིན་ཟེར་ལབ་ཀྱི་རེད།In case of a pillar, its dönchi is that idea of the pillar.
- རི་འཛིན་པའི་རྟོག་པ་ལ་རི་ལྟ་བུར་སྣང་བའི་ཆ་ཞིག་ཡོད་རེད་པ། རིའི་དོན་སྤྱི།A mental form or image of a mountain is its dönchi.
- ལྟ་ཆོས་གང་ག་ལོགས་འདུག་སེ་ཕར་དཔེ་བཞག་ནས་ཞོག་གི་རེད་ད།That is how we put for every phenomenal object.
- དོན་སྤྱི་ཟེར་བ་དེ་འདྲ་ཞིག་རེད།That's about dönchi.
- ལྟ་རི་བོང་འམ་མེད་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག རི་བོང་རྭ་མེད་པ་ཟེར་ན་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་ན།Now, what is this Tibetan phrase ribong raminpa means?
- རི་བོང་རྒྱུས་ཡོད་པ། སེམས་ཅན་རི་བོང་། ང་རང་ཚོ་ཡིན་ན་རྒྱ་སྐད་ལ་ཡིན་ན་ཐུའུ་ཙི་ (Ch.兔子)ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་པ།You know what an animal rabbit is. The Chinese word for rabbit is tùzi.
- ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོས་སྐད་ལ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།What do you call it?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentརེ་རྦད་ཊི།Rabbit.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་ལྟ་རི་བོང་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་མགོ་ལ་ར་ཀོག་(རྭ་ཅོ་)ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད་པས།Do rabbits have horns?
- རྭ་ཡོད་མ་རེད་པ། བྱས་ཙང་རི་བོང་རྭ་མེད་པ། ཁོ་དཔེ་ར་པོ། རི་བོང་རྭ་མེད་པ།So ribong raminpa means a rabbit without horns.
- ལྟ་རི་བོང་རྭ་མེད་པ་ཁོ་དོན་དངོས་ལ་ཡོད་རེད་མེད་རེད།Now do we have the shéja of hornless rabbit or not?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentཡོད་རེད།Yes.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་བྱས་ཙང་འདི་ཡང་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། རི་བོང་ར་མེད་པ་དེ། འོ་རི་བོང་ར་མེད་པ་པ་བྱས།Right. That hornless rabbit is also a shéja.
- ད་ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག ལྟ་ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཀ་བ་དང་བུམ་པ་གཉིས་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད།Now kabum nyi means pillar and vase.
- ལྟ་ཀ་བ་དང་བུམ་པ་གཉིས་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Do they exist?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentཡོད་རེད།Yes.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangཡོག་རེད་པ། བྱས་ཙང་ཀ་བ་དང་བུམ་པ་གཉིས་བཤད་རྒྱུ་འདུག་ག ཤེས་བྱ་རེད་པ། འོ་བྱས་ཙང་ཀ་བ་དང་བུམ་པ་གཉིས་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད།So kabum (pillar and vase) is an example of shéja.
- ལྟ་རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་སོགས། ལྟ་རྟག་དངོས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཧ་གོ་གི་འདུག་ག རྟག་པ་དང་དངོས་པོ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Now the next word takngö (permanent phenomenon and functioning thing) is a combination of two words, namely takpa and ngöpo.
- རྟག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ནམ་མཁའ་དེ་རྟག་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ནམ་མཁའ།Takpa is something like the sky.
- ནམ་མཁའ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། རྟག་པ་རྟག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་ན། དུས་རྟག་པར་བསྡད་མཁན།The meaning of this word is something that exists permanently.
- འཇིག་ཡག་མེད་མཁན། འགྱུར་ལྡོག་ཡོང་ཡག་མེད་མཁན་གྱི་ཆོས་ཞིག་ལ་རྟག་པ་ཟེར་བ་རེད།It is one that doesn't perish or undergo change.
- ལྟ་འདི་ལྟ་བུ་རྟག་པ་རེད་མ་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། འདི་རྟག་པ་མ་རེད། འདི་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན་འདུག་སེ་གཅིག་བརྡབས་བཞག་ན། ཆག་འགྲོ་གེ་རེད་པ།Is this tray permanent or not? It is not. If I throw it like this, it will break.
- འོ་རྙིང་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་རེད་པ། ཟད་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་རེད་པ། ཆག་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་རེད་པ།Also, it will become old and worn out gradually.
- ལྟ་སྒྲོག་ཙེ་འདིའང་རྙིང་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་རེད། ཟད་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་རེད། ཆགས་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་རེད་པ། དཔྱད་ན་འདི་རྟག་པ་མ་རེད་ཟེར།Likewise, this table will also become old and worn out. If we analyze it, is not permanent.
- ལྟ་ནམ་མཁའ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་རྟག་པར་བསྡད་མཁན་གྱི་ཆོས་རེད་མ་རེད། ཡོད་རེད་པ།Is the sky a permanent phenomenon or not? It is. Right?
- འོ་བྱས་ཙང་ནམ་མཁའ་རྟག་པ་ཡིན། ཤེས་བྱ་རྟག་པ་ཡིན། གཞལ་བྱ་རྟག་པ་ཡིན། ཡོད་པ་རྟག་པ་ཡིན། འོ་དེ་ཚོ་རྟག་པ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Therefore the sky, shéja, zhelja (the object of apprehension), and existing thing are all takpa or permanence.
- རྟག རྟག་ཟེར་ཡག་དེ་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། རྟག་པར་མི་འཇིག་པར་གནས་གནས་པའི་ཆོས་འདི་ལ་ལྟག་པ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།The word tak means one that is permanent phenomena.
- ད་དངོས་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག དངོས་པོ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ང་རང་ཚོ་གཅིག་པ་རེད། ལྟ་འདི་ཡང་དངོས་པོ་རེད། སྒྲོག་ཙེ་འདི་ཡང་དངོས་པོ་རེད།Can you see the word ngöpo? It is something like this table.
- ཀ་བ་ཡང་འདི་ཡང་དངོས་པོ་རེད། བུམ་པ་ཡང་འདི་ཡང་དངོས་པོ་རེད། ཕོར་པ་ཡང་འདི་ཡང་དངོས་པོ་རེད།A kawa (pillar) is a ngöpo. Bumpa (vase) is also a ngöpo. A bowl is also ngöpo.
- འང་ཨ་མི་རི་ཀའི་ཌོ་ལར་ཡང་འདི་ཡང་དངོས་པོ་རེད། འདྲ་པོ་རེད། ཏན་ཧྲི་ཅི་ (Ch.电视机)ཡང་འདི་ཡང་དངོས་པོ་རེད།The American dollar is also an example of ngöpo. A television is also ngöpo.
- ཁོ་གང་ཡིན་ཟེར་ན། དངོས་པོ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་དངོས་པོ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན།So what is the definition of the word ngöpo?
- དོན་བྱེད་ནུས་མཁན་གྱི་ཆོས་ཞིག་ལ་དངོས་པོ་ཟེར་བ་རེད།Anything thing that can fulfill a function is called ngöpo.
- འདིས་དོན་བྱེད་ཀྱི་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།Can it perform a function or not?
- དོན་བྱེད་ཀྱི་རེད། དོན་བྱེད་ཀོ་བྱུང་། འདིའི་ནང་ལོགས་ལ་ཐ་མག་གི་ཧྲུག་ལྷག་གཡུག་གི་འདུག་གOf course, it can. We can use it to put cigarette buds, right?
- འདིས་དོན་ག་རེ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཡོད་རེད། འདི་སྟེང་དུ་དཀར་ཡོལ་བཞག་ཤེས་ཀྱི་རེད། ཕོར་པ་བཞག་ཤེས་ཀྱི་རེད། ཇ་དམ་བཞག་ཤེས་ཀྱི་རེད་པ།What is the functional value of this (table)? We can keep a bowl or thermos flask on the table. Right?
- འོ་འདིས་ལྟ་ཀ་བ་ལ་སོགས་པ་བསྟེགས་པའི་དོན་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཡོད་རེད་པ།A pillar can function as support for the building.
- འོ་བྱས་ཙང་ལྟ་དངོས་པོ་དངོས་པོ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་དོན་བྱེད་ནུས་པ་དངོས་པོའི་མཚན་ཉིད་རེད།Thus, a ngöpo is something which as the ability to fulfill a function.
- མཇུག་མ་ཡིན་ན། དངོས་པོ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་ན། དོན་བྱེད་ནུས་པ་དེ་དངོས་པོའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཡིན་ལབ་ཀྱི་རེད།In the future, if someone asks you the definition of ngöpo, you can reply and say, a thing with the ability to fulfill a function.
- ལྟ་དངོས་པོ་མཚན་གཞི་ར་པོ་ཞོག་ཟེར་ན། ལྟ་ཀ་བ། བུམ་པ། མི། ཁྱི། གཡག འོ་ལུག ར། དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་དངོས་པོ་ལ་ཞོག་གི་རེད།If you are asked to give some examples, you can cite things like a pillar, vase, people, dog, yak, sheep, goat and so on. All these are examples of ngöpo.
- དོན་བྱེད་ནུས་མཁན་གྱི་ཆོས་གང་ག་དངོས་པོ་ལ་བཞག་གི་རེད། བྱས་ཙང་ལྟ་རྟག་པ་དང་དངོས་པོ་གཉིས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།Anything that has a functional value is ngöpo. Now you know the meanings of takpa and ngöpo.
- རྟག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ནམ་མཁའ་ལྟ་བུ་རྟག་པ་བྱས། དངོས་པོ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ལ་དོན་བྱེད་ནུས་མཁན་གྱི་ཆོས་གང་ག་ལ་དངོས་པོ་རེད།Takpa is something like the sky. So ngöpo is anything with the ability to perform a function.
- ལྟ་རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Does takngö exist or not?
- རྟག་པ་ཡང་ཡོད་རེད་པ། དངོས་པོ་ཡང་ཡོད་རེད་པ།Both takpa and ngöpo do exist.
- ལྟ་རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Do they exist or not?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentཡོག་རེད།They do exist.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewang"ཡོད་" ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། འོ་ལྟ་ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་སྦྱངས་དུས་ལྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་ཡོད་དམ་མེད་དམ་ཟེར་ན། "ཡོད་" ཞེས་ལབ་ཀྱི་རེད། རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་ཡོད་ཟེར།We will answer, "Yes." In Buddhist logic, if someone asked you whether takpa and ngöpo exist or not, the answer is yes.
- རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན། འོ་འདུག་སེ་ལབ་ཀྱི་རེད། ལྟ་རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་སོགས། "སོགས་" ཟེར་དུས་ཙམ་ལ་ལྟ་ག་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད།We will say that takngö is shéja. When we use the word sok, what does it mean?
- འདི་ "སོགས་" ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ང་རང་ཚོའི། ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོའི་ཨ་མི་རི་ཀའི་སྐད་ལ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་དམ་མ་གཏོགས་གཞན་རྒྱ་ནག་གི་སྐད་ལ་རྡང་རྡང་ (Ch.等等) ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།I don't know the word for sok in your American language, but in Chinese language, it is dengdeng.
- "སོགས་" ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་མང་པོའི་ཚིག་རེད་པ། བྱེད་པ་ལྟར་ཀ་བ་དང་བུམ་པ་གཉིས། མི་དང་ཁྱི་གཉིས། ས་དང་ཆུ་གཉིས། མེ་དང་ཆུ་གཉིས། གཡག་དང་ལུག་གཉིས། ར་དང་ལུག་གཉིས། ཁྱི་དང་སྤྱང་ཀི་ཟེར་ཡག་ར་པོ། འོ་དེ་ཚོའི་གྲས་ལ་གང་པ་ལོགས་ལ་ཡིན་པ་མ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར།"Sok" means and all the rest. Pillar-vase, man-dog, earth-water, fire-water, yak-sheep, goat-sheep, dog-wolf, and so on are all impossible objects of knowledge.
- སོགས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེའི་ནང་ལོགས་ནས་ལྟ་གང་ག་སྟོན་གྱི་རེད། གདན་དང་ཕོར་པ་གཉིས་ཟེར་ཡག དེབ་དང་སྨྱུ་གུ་གཉིས་ཟེར་ཡག་ར་པོ། འོ་དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་སྟོན་པ་རེད།The word sok will show us. Such as mattress-bowl, book-pen, etc.
- རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་སོགས་ཟེར་གྱི་འདུག་ག འོ་ཡིན་པ་མི་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན། ལྟ་འདི་གས་འདི་གང་ག་ཡིན་མ་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ལ་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་དང་། ཡིན་པ་མ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་བ་གཉིས་ཡོད་རེད།As it reads, "takngönyi sok." The examples I gave you are all impossible objects of knowledge. In Tibetan, we say they are all yinpa misipé shéja.
- ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ལ་ག་རེ་བཞག་གི་རེད། མི་བཞག་གི་རེད། མི་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར།On the other hand, examples for yinpa sipé shéja, meaning possible objects of knowledge, include a person. It is an example of yinpa sipé shéja.
- མི་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་དགོས་ཡོག་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། མི་ཡིན་མཁན་ཞིག་བཞག་ཡག་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Why is called yinpa sipé shéja? It is because a person is a possible object of knowledge.
- མི་ཡིན་མཁན་ཞིག་ཞོག་ཟེར་ན་ཁྱེད་རང་བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་གི་རེད་པ། ཁྱེད་རང་བཞག་ནའི་འགྲིག་གི་རེད། ང་བཞག་ནའི་འགྲིག་གི་རེད།If someone asks me to give an example of a person, I can give you as an example. I am also an example of a person.
- འོ་བྱས་ཙང་མི་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར།Therefore a person is a possible object of knowledge.
- ལྟ་རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་ཡིན་པ་བཞག་ཡག་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད། རྟག་པ་ཡིན་པ་དང་དངོས་པོ་ཡང་ཡིན་མཁན་ཞིག་བཞག་ཡག་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Is tak-ngö a possible object of knowledge, one which is both takpa and ngöpo?
- བཞག་ཡག་ཡོད་མ་རེད། བྱས་ཙང་ཡིན་པ་མ་སྲིད་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར། ཡིན་པ་མ་སྲིད། ཡིན་མ་མ་སྲིད་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཡིན་པ་ཞིག་བཞག་ཡག་ཡོད་མ་རེད་བྱས་པ་རེད།Such a thing does not exist. Therefore it is an impossible object of knowledge.
- བྱས་ཙང་ཡིན་པ་མ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར། དེའི་མིང་ཁོ་ར་ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ཕྱིན་སོང་ན་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱས་དང་ཡིན་པ་མ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་བྱས་མིང་འདུག་སེ་བཏགས་ཀྱི་རེད་ད།In Tibetan, we say it is yinpa misipé shéja. While studying Buddhist logic, we will encounter these two phrases, yinpa misipé shéja, and yinpa sipé shéja.
- ལྟ་ཡིན་པ་མ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ལ་ག་རེ་བཞག་གི་རེད། རྟ་བོང་གཉིས། མི་དང་ཁྱི་གཉིས། རྩ་དང་ཆུ་གཉིས། གླང་དང་མཛོ་གཉིས། འོ་དེ་ཚོའི་གྲས་ཡིན་པ་མ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ལ་ཞོག་གི་རེད།A few more examples of yinpa misipé shéja include horse-donkey, man-dog, grass-water, ox-dzo and so on.
- ལྟ་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ལ་ག་རེ་ཞོག་གི་རེད། མི་བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་ག་རེད། རི་བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་གི་རེད། ཆུ་བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་གི་རེད།Examples of yinpa sipé shéja include a person, a mountain, and a water body.
- ཆུ་ཡིན་པ་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད་ཟེར་ན། "ཆུ་ཡིན་པ་ཡོད་ཟེར་"གྱི་རེད། ལམ་སེང་ཚད་མ་རིག་པའི་སྐད་ཆ་དྲིས་དུས་ཙམ་ནས། ཆུ་ཡིན་པ་ཡོད་དམ་མེད་ཟེར་ན། ཆུ་ཡིན་པ་ཡོད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Is water a possible object of knowledge or not? We will quickly reply and say, "water body is a possible object of knowledge."
- ཆུ་ཡིན་པ་ཁྱོད་ག་རེ་བཞག་ག་ཟེར་སོང་ན། ལྟ་ལྷ་སའི་སྐྱིད་ཆུ་བཞག འབྲི་ཆུ་བཞག ལྷོ་ཕྱོགས་ཀྱི་རྒྱ་མཚོ་བཞག དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་ཆུ་རེད་མ་རེད། ཆུ་ཡིན་མཁན་རེད་པ།If asked to give a few examples, you can cite water bodies like the Kyichu River in Lhasa, the Drichu River (Yangtse), ocean in South India.
- འོ་ཡིན་མཁན་དེ་ཚོ་ལྟ་ཡིན་པ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ལྟ་ཆུ་དེ་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་ཡག་དེ།So these water bodies are possible objects of knowledge.
- ལྟ་མི་ཡིན་པ་མི་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།If you ask, "Is a person is a possible object of knowledge or not?" What should the answer be? We will say it is.
- ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། མི་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ། ལྟ་མི་ཡིན་པ་ཞིག་བཞག་ཡག་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Is it clear to you? A person is a possible object of knowledge. Is it correct?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentཡོད་རེད།Yes.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangབཞག་ཡོག་ཡོད་རེད་པ། ཨ་མི་རི་ཀའི་ཙུང་ཐུང་ (Ch.总统) བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་གི་རེད། མི་རེད་པ།We can also cite the U.S. president as an example. A president is a person.
- འོ། འདི་རྒྱ་ནག་གི་ཙུང་ཐུང་བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་གི་རེད་པ། དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་མི་རེད་པ། འདའི་ང་ཡང་མི་རེད་པ།We can also give the Chinese president or any other president as an example. They are all people.
- ཁྱེད་རང་ཡང་མི་རེད་པ། འོ་མི་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན། ལྟ་ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཁྱད་པར་དེ་འདྲ་ཞིག་ཡོད་རེད། ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ།You are also a person. So a person is a possible object of knowledge. That's how we put it.
- ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་དང་ཡིན་པ་མི་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་གཉིས་ཡོད་ཟེར།We will say, "There are yinpa sipé shéja and yinpa misipé shéja."
- ཡིན་པ་མི་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ལ་ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས། རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས། འོ་དེ་ནས་སྒྲོག་ཙེ་དང་རྐུབ་ཀྱག་གཉིས། དེབ་དང་སྨྱུ་གུ་གཉིས། ཟེར་ཡག་མི་ཕྱུགས་གཉིས་ཟེར་ཡག དེ་ཚོ་ཡིན་པ་མི་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ལ་སོགས་པ།For examples of yinpa misipé shéja, we can say tak-ngö, table-chair, book-pen, man-cow, and so on.
- ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཁོ་བཞག་ཡག་ཡོད་མཁན་གྱི་ཆོས་ཞིག་ལ་ཡིན་པ་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།A yinpa sipé shéja is a possible object of knowledge.
- རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་སོགས་ཡིན་པ་མི་སྲིད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ལ་སོགས་པའོ། འོ་ལྟ་དེ་གས་འདི་ཡག་པོ་ཤེས་སོང་ང་། འོ་འདི་འདྲས་ཤིག་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Tak-ngö is an example impossible object of knowledge. I hope all these are clear to you.
- དེ་ཡང་ཁྱེད་རང་སྐད་ཆ་དྲིས་ཡག་ཡོད་ན་ལམ་སེང་ང་ལ་དྲིས་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད། འདི་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། དོན་དག་ག་རེ་རེད་ཟེར། དྲིས་ན་ཡག་པོ་ཡོད་རེད་དོ། འོ་འོ།If you have any question, you should ask me instantly. It is good to ask for clarification.
- ལྟ་འདི་གས་འདི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་པའི་ཁུངས་རེད་པ། ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་པའི་ནང་ཚན་འདི་གས་གང་ག་ཨ་ལའི་རོབ་ཙམ་ཤེས་ཚར་པ་རེད་པ།Now we some idea about what is yinpa sipé shéja and what it constitutes.
- ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ནི། ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཤེས་ཡག་མེད་མཁན་ཞིག་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Next, we will go detail into the impossible objects of knowledge or shéja mayinpa. What that means is something that is incomprehensible to us.
- ལྟ་རི་བོང་གི་མགོ་ལ་རྭ་ཡོད་མ་རེད། རི་བོང་གི་མགོ་ལ།Do rabbits have horns on their heads or not?
- རྭ་ཡོད་མ་རེད་པ། འདིའི་མིང་ལ་རི་བོང་རྭ་ཟེར་བ་རེད། ལྟ་རི་བོང་རྭ་དེ་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད་ཟེར་ན་ཡོད་མ་རེད་པ།They don't have, right? We use the word ribongra, meaning a rabbit with horns.
- མེད་པ་སོང་ཙང་ལྟ་མེད་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་བ་རེད། ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། རི་བོང་རྭ་སྦྱངས་ན་ཤེས་ཡག་ཡོད་མ་རེད་པ། མཐོང་ཡག་ཡོད་མ་རེད་པ།In actuality, as such animal does not exist, we say it is an impossible object of knowledge. If we try to know study ribongra, it is an impossible task. There is no way to find one.
- བྱས་ཙང་རི་བོང་རྭ་དེ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ། ཤེས་བྱ་མིན་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར། ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་དང་ཤེས་བྱ་མིན་པ་གཅིག་པ་རེད།Therefore ribongra is an impossible object of knowledge. The two phrases, shéja mayinpa, and shéja minpa mean the same thing.
- ཤེས་བྱ་མིན་མཁན་གང་ག་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ལ་རི་བོང་རྭ།All impossible objects of knowledge are called shéja mayinpa.
- ཁྱེད་རང་གི་མགོ་ཡི་རྭ་ཁོག ངའི་མགོ་ཡི་རྭ་ཁོགFor example, the horns on your head or the horns my head.
- ཁྱེད་རང་གི་ལག་པ་ལ་རྭ་ཁོག་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Do you have horns on your hands or not?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentམ་རེད།No.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangདེ་ཡང་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ལ་བཞག་ན་འགྲིག་པ་རེད།So that is also an impossible object of knowledge or shéja mayinpa.
- མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་མོ་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད། མོ་གཤམ་ཟེར་ཤེས་ཀྱི་ཡོད་པ།Is there any woman who is mosham? Do you know the meaning of this Tibetan word mosham (barren)?
- མོ་གཤམ་ཟེར་ན་བུ་སྐྱེས་ཡག་གི་ནུས་པ་མེད་མཁན་གྱི་བུད་མེད་དེའི་མིང་ལ་མོ་གཤམ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།Mosham means a woman who is incapable of producing offspring. Is it clear to you?
- ལྟ་མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཡོད་མ་རེད་པ། འོ་མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་ཡང་མེད་པ་རེད།Is there any man who is mosham or not? We know such a man doesn't exist in real life. It is nonexistence.
- ནམ་མཁའི་མེ་ཏོག་ཡང་མེད་པ་རེད། འདིའི་སྟོང་ཆ་འདིའི་སྒང་ལ་མེ་ཏོག་འདུག་མི་འདུག མི་འདུག་ག དེ་ལ་ནམ་མཁའི་མེ་ཏོག་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།A flower in the sky is also non-existence. Is there any flower here in this space or not? If such thing exists, we call it sky-flower or namkhé métok.
- ལྟ་ནམ་མཁའི་མེ་ཏོག་མེད་པ་རེད་པ། འོ་ལྟ་དེ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ལ་དེ་ཚོ་ཞོག་གི་རེད། འོ་ཡག་བྱུང་།So namkhé métok is an illusion. So those are the examples of the impossible object of knowledge or shéja mayinpa.
- ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ནི། རི་བོང་རྭ་བྱས། བུམ་རྟག་པ་བྱས། བུམ་པ་རྟག་པ་ཟེར་ན་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་ན། བུམ་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་རྟག་པ་རེད། དངོས་པོ་རེད།Fictitious entities such as a rabbit's horns or bumpa takpa (instructable vase) are examples of shéja mayinpa. A bumpa takpa is takpa or ngöpo?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentདངོས་པོ།Ngöpo.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangདངོས་པོ་རེད། འོ་དངོས་པོ་ཡིན་དགོས་བྱུང་།It's ngöpo. Of course, it is ngöpo.
- ཁོས་ཕན་ཐོགས་ཀྱི་རེད་པ།It is useful. Right?
- བུམ་པས་ཕན་ཐོགས་ཀྱི་རེད་མ་རེད།Is a vase useful or not?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentཕན་ཐོགས་ཀྱི་རེད།It's useful.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangབུམ་པས་ཕན་ཐོགས་དགོས་བྱུང་། ཆུ་སྐྱོར་ན་འགྲིག་གི་རེད་པ།Of course, a vase is useful. We can use it to hold water.
- ཇ་སྐྱོར་གྱི་རེད་པ། བུམ་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེས།We can even keep tea in a vase.
- རེད་པ།Correct?
- ལྟ་བུམ་པ་དེ་དངོས་པོ་རེད་པཱ། རྟག་པ་རེད་པ་ཟེར་ན།Is a vase is ngöpo or takpa?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentདངོས་པོ།It's ngöpo.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangདངོས་པོ་རེད་ཟེར། འོ་འདུག་སེ་དགག་གི་རེད།We will answer like this, "It is ngöpo." That's how to refute.
- བུམ་པ་རྟག་པ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད་ཟེར་ན།Is a vase takpa or not?
- རྟག་པ་མ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།We will say that it is not takpa.
- རྟག་པ་མ་ཡིན་པའི་རྒྱུ་མཚན་གང་རེད། རྟག་པར་བསྡད་ཀྱི་ཡོད་མ་རེད། བུམ་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཆགས་འགྲོ་གི་རེད་དམ་མེད།A vase can't exist for eternity. It is also breakable. Therefore it is not takpa. Right?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentརེད།Yes, it will.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangརྙིང་འགྲོ་གི་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།Will it become old or not?
- འོ་བུམ་པ་རྟག་པ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར་ཡག་དེ་རེད། འོ་བྱས་ཙང་བུམ་པ་རྟག་པ། བུམ་པ་རྟག་པ་དེ་ཡང་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་རེད་པཱ།Hence we say a vase is not takpa. A permanent vase is an example shéja mayinpa.
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentམ་རེད།Yes.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་འོ། བུམ་པ་རྟག་པ་བྱས།Good. That is about this fictitious thing called a permanent vase.
- ལས་འབྲས་མེད་པ། ལས་འབྲས་མེད་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན། དགེ་བའི་ལས་དང་མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས།The next phrase is lédré mépa (refutation of karmic causality). It entails virtuous actions and non-virtuous actions.
- ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་ཧ་གོ་གི་འདུག་གཱDo you understand?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentའོ།Yes.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་ང་རང་ཚོའི་ལྟ་དཔེར་ན་མི་ལ་ཕན་ཐོགས་བྱེད་ཡག མི་གཞན་དག་ལ་ནད་པ་ལ་རོགས་པ་བྱེད་ཡག་ལ་སོགས་པ། དེ་ཚོ་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། མི་མང་པོ་ལ་ཕན་ཐོགས་བྱེད་ཡག་ལ་སོགས་པ། འོ་འདི་ནས་སློབ་གྲྭ་བཙུགས་ཡག་ལ་སོགས་པ། དེ་ཚོ་གྲས་གང་ག་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཀྱང་རེད་པཱ།The examples of virtuous actions include, helping other people, assisting a patient, and establishing a school.
- དགེ་བའི་ལས་བྱེད་དགོས།We should perform virtuous deeds.
- མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་རེད། མི་བསད། ཁྱི་བསད། རྟ་བསད། འོ།The examples of non-virtuous actions are, killing people, a dog, or a horse.
- མི་ལ་གནག་སེམས་བྱས། གནོད་སེམས་བྱས། བསམ་བློ་ངན་པ་འཁུར།Doing evil things to others, harming others, or holding impure thoughts are all example of non-virtuous deeds.
- དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཟེར་བ་རེད། ལྟ་མི་བསད། ཁྱི་བསད། རྐུན་མ་བརྒྱས་པ། རྫུན། སྐྱག་རྫུན་བཤད་པ་ལ་སོགས་པ་འདི་འདྲས་བྱས་པ་དེ་མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཡིན་ཟེར།All these are non-virtuous actions: killing people, killing a dog, stealing, lying, and so on.
- མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཡིན་ཟེར་དགོས་ཡག་འདྲ་པོ་རྒྱུ་མཚན་གང་ཟེར་སོང་ན།Why are these non-virtuous actions?
- ལས་ནག་པོ་དེ་དག་བྱས་པ་ཡིན་ན། འབྲས་བུ་ངན་སོང་གསུམ་སྐྱེ་བ་ལེན་གྱི་རེད་བྱས་པ་རེད།If you commit bad deeds, you will be born in three lower realms.
- བྱས་ཙང་མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཟེར་བ་རེད།Therefore they are called non-virtuous actions.
- ལྟ་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་མི་མང་པོ་ལ་ཕན་ཐོགས་བྱེད་ཡག སློབ་གྲྭ་གསར་འཛུགས་མང་པོ་བྱེད་ཡགNow the virtuous actions include helping many people or building new a school.
- འོ་ལྟ་གཅིག་ལུང་པ་ཕན་ཚུན་སྐྱོ་པོ་དེ་འདྲས་ལ་རོགས་པ་བྱེད་ཡག་ལ་སོགས་པ་དེ་ཚོ་དགེ་བའི་ལས་རེད།Helping developing countries is also a virtuous action.
- ལྟ་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན།So what are virtuous actions?
- དེ་བྱས་པ་ཡིན་ན། ང་རང་ཚོ་དེའི་འབྲས་བུ་ལ་ལྟ་མི་དང་། ལྷ་ལ་སོགས་པ། འོ་འདི་འདྲས་ཀྱི་ལུས་རྟེན་ལེན་གྱི་ཡོད་ཟེར་བ་རེད། ཆོས་ལུགས་ལ་ཕྱིན་སོང་ན། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།According to religious, if you perform virtuous actions, you will be reborn as a human or god. Is it clear?
- འོ་བྱས་ཙང་ལྟ་ལས་འབྲས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཡོད་མ་རེད།Does karma causality exist or not?
- ལས་འབྲས་ཡོད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།We say that it exists.
- ལས་འབྲས་ཡོད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ལས་འབྲས་ཡོད་དགོས་བྱུང་།We say it exists. Of course, it exists.
- དཔེར་ན། ང་ལྟ་བུ་ད་ལྟ་མི་རེད་པཱ།For example, right now I am born as a human.
- རིག་པ་ཅུང་ཟད་ཤེས་ཀྱི་ཡོད་རེད་པཱ། རེད་པཱ།Also, I have some intelligence. Right?
- ལུས་པོ་ཡང་ཐང་པོ་ཡོད་རེད་པ།I am also healthy.
- ད་ལྟ་ལོ་ཡང་མཐོ་པོ་རེད་པཱ།Also, I am old.
- འདི་གང་ཡིན་ཟེར་ན། དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཀྱི་འབྲས་བུ་རེད།All these are the result of virtuous actions.
- ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་ཡང་བོད་པའི་རིག་གནས་སྦྱངས། སོ་སོའི་རིག་གནས་ཤེས་པ་མ་ཟད་བོད་པའི་རིག་གནས་སྦྱངས། ཤེས།Besides knowing your own culture, you guys are also studying Tibetan cultures and comprehend them.
- བོད་སྐད་ཤེས་བྱེད་ཡག་རག་པ་དེ་གཙོ་བོ་གང་གིས་བྱས་པ་རེད་ཟེར་ན། དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཀྱི་འབྲས་བུ་རེད།Not only you studied the Tibetan language, and now you can speak it. All these are fruits of your virtuous deeds.
- འདི་ལས་སླ་པོར་ཡོང་གི་མ་རེད།Getting opportunities like these is hard.
- དངུལ་མང་པོ་ཡོད་ནའང་བོད་སྐད་ལས་སླ་པོ་ལ་ཤེས་ཐུབ་ཀྱི་མ་རེད།Even if you have much money, you won't be able to learn Tibetan easily.
- ཤེས་ཐུབ་ཀྱི་མ་རེད་པཱ།You won't learn it. Correct?
- འོ་རིག་གནས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་དཀའ་ལས་ཁག་པོ་ཞེ་དྲགས་རེད་པཱ།Knowledge is hard to obtain.
- འོ་བྱས་ཙང་དེ་ཚོ་ལྟ་འདི་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་ཟེར། དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཀྱི་འབྲས་བུ།So we say this is the result of one's virtuous actions.
- ལྟ་ལས་དང་འབྲས་བུ་ཡོད་རེད་པཱ། ལྟ་ཁག་ཅིག་གིས་ལས་འབྲས་མེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།So action and its effects are there. However, some will refute that.
- དཔེར་ན་ཕྱི་རོལ་རྒྱང་འཕེན་པ་ལ་སོགས་པ། དེ་ཚོ་གྲས་ཀྱི་ཡིན་ན་འོ་ལྟ་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཟེར་ན་ཡོད་མ་རེད། མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་ཟེར་ན་ཡོད་མ་རེད།For example, the Charvakas (hedonist school) and others like them reject virtuous and non-virtuous actions.
- གང་ག་གཅིག་པ་རེད། དགེ་བའི་ལས་བྱས་ནའང་ཆོ་ཡོད་མ་རེད། མི་དགེ་བའི་རྫུན་བཤད་ནའང་ཉེས་པ་ཡོད་མ་རེད། འགྲིག་གི་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།They negate everything. They believe there is no point in doing a virtuous action. Also, committing the non-virtuous act, such as lying receive no punishment.
- རྐུན་མ་བརྐུས་ནའང་འགྲིག་གི་རེད། ཉེས་པ་ཡོད་མ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།They think, if you steal, you won't be punished, and it is acceptable.
- ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།Do you understand?
- འོ་བྱས་ཙང་ང་ཚོ་ཡིན་ན་ལས་འབྲས་ཡོད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།In Buddhism, we believe in the karmic law of cause and effect.
- ལྟ་ལས་འབྲས་མེད་པ་དེ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ལས་འབྲས་མ་ཡིན་པ་དེའང་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར།Refutation of that law is an example of shéja mayinpa.
- ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ཟེར་ན་ལས་འབྲས་མ་ཡིན་པ་དེ་འདི་ཡོད། གང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ལས་འབྲས་མེད་པ་ཞིག་ཡོད་རེད་པ། ལས་འབྲས་མེད་པ་ཁོ་འདི་རེད་པཱ། ལས་འབྲས་མེད་པ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད་ཟེར་ན། མ་རེད་རེད་པཱ།The refutation of karmic law is shéja mayinpa. If someone asks you, "The karmic law doesn't exist, do you agree or not?" The answer should be, "I disagree."
- ལས་འབྲས་ཡོད་རེད་པཱ།The karmic law is there.
- འོ་བྱས་ཙང་ལས་འབྲས་མེད་པ་དེ་ཤེས་བྱ་(མ་)ཡིན་ཟེར།The refutation of karmic law is shéja mayinpa.
- གང་ཟག་གི་བདག ལྟ་གང་ཟག་གི་བདག་དེ་ཡང་ཡང་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པའི་ངོས་འཛིན་འདྲ་པོ་བཞག་སོང་ན། གང་ཟག་གི་བདག་ཟེར།The next phrase is gangzak gi dak (individual self). It's also shéja mayinpa.
- ལྟ་གང་ཟག་གི་བདག་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོས་ཏིག་ཙམ་གོ་ཁག་པོ་ཡོད་རེད།This concept of gangzak gi dak is a little hard for you grasp.
- གང་ཟག་གི་བདག་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད་ཟེར་ན། བདག་གཞི་ཕུང་སོགས་གང་ལའང་ལྟོས་པ་མེད་པའི་རང་དབང་བའི་ང་ཞིག་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད་ཟེར་ན།What is of meaning by gangzak gi dak? It means the mistaken idea that there exists an 'I' which is an independent, singular and permanent entity.
- འདི་ཡོད་མ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།We say that it doesn't exist.
- འདི་འདྲ་ཞིག་བྱུང་སོང་ན། ལྟ་འདིའི་མིང་ཁོ་ལ་གང་ཟག་གི་བདག་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།If there something like this, it is called gangzak gi dak.
- དཔེར་ན་ཁྱེད་རང་མིང་ལ་འདི་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་ན། ཧེབ་ཊི་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་ན། ལྟ་འདི་ཁྱེད་རང་གི་ལུས་དང་། ཤེས་པ། འོ་འདི་འདྲས་ལ་མ་ལྟོས་པའི་རང་དབང་བ་ཞིག་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།For example, suppose your name is Hebti, is there an individual self which is separate from your body and cognition?
- ཡོད་མ་རེད།It doesn't exist.
- དཔེར་ན་ང་རང་ཚོ་ཆ་བཞག་པ་ཡིན་ན། འདི་འདུག་ག ཨང་། གནམ་གྲུ་ཡོད་རེད་པཱ།An example from our life is an airplane.
- གནམ་གྲུ་ཟེར་མཁན་འདི་གནམ་གྲུའི་སྣུམ་དང་། རླུང་དང་། འདི་ནས་གཅུས་གཟེར་འདྲ་པོ། འོ་དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་ལོགས་ལྟོས་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།An airplane without its fuel, nuts, and bolts, and other parts cease to exist.
- གཅིག་མ་བྱུང་ནའི་ཡོང་གི་མ་རེད་པཱ།Even if one part is missing, it can't function.
- འདིའི་ནང་ནས་གནམ་གྲུ་ལ་ཆ་བཞག་པ་ཡིན་ན། གནམ་གྲུ་གཅུས་གཟེར་གཅིག་ལ་སྐྱོན་ཤོར་སོང་ན་གནམ་གྲུ་སྐྱོན་ཤོར་གྱི་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།Suppose the airplane's some nuts and bolts are missings, it is going to affect how it functions. Right or wrong?
- འོ། གནམ་གྲུའི་སྣུམ་ཡོད་པའི་གནམ་གྲུ་ཡིན་ན་སྣུམ་དེ་རྫོགས་སོང་ན་གནམ་གྲུ་འགྲོ་ཐུབ་ཀྱི་རེད་མ་རེད།Even if the airplane has fuel, one it run out of gas, it can't perform its function.
- འོ་འགྲོ་ཐུབ་ཀྱི་མ་རེད་པཱ།It can't fly.
- ལྟ་གནམ་གྲུ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གཤོག་པ། འཁོར་ལོ། གཅུས་གཟེར། སྣུམ་ལ་སོགས་པ། མི་སྡོད་སའི་རྐུབ་ཀྱག་ལ་སོགས་པ་འོ་འདི་ཚོ་གང་ག་ལྟོས་ཏེ་གནམ་གྲུ་ཞེས་མིང་བཏགས་པ་རེད་མ་གཏོགས།Also, an airplane needs wings, wheels, nuts and bolts, fuel, seats for people on board, and so on. It is the combination all these parts make an airplane what it is.
- དེ་དག་གང་ལའང་ལ་མ་ལྟོས་པའི་དེ་ནི་ལྟོས་མ་དགོས་པའི་གནམ་གྲུ་ཞིག་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Without relying on them, it ceases to exist. Yes or no?
- ཡོད་མ་རེད་པཱ།It doesn't exist.
- ལྟ་ད་ག་ནང་བཞིན་ང་རང་ཚོ་མི། མི་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཡང་སྨྲ་ཤེས་པ། དོན་གོ་བ། འོ་གཟུགས་པོ་ཡོད་པ་ལ་སོགས་པ་གང་ག་ལོགས་ལ་ལྟོས་ནས་མི་ཞེས་བཞག་པ་རེད་མ་གཏོགས།Likewise, in the case of us, a person is someone with the ability to use and understand language and having a physical body. Collectively, that individual is considered as a human being.
- གང་ལ་ཡང་མ་ལྟོས་པའི་མི་ཞིག་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Without relying on anything, he or she won't be there.
- འོ་འདི་འདྲས་ཞིག་བྱུང་སོང་ན། གང་ཟག་གི་བདག་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།There is such a person, then that individual is called gangzak gi dak or individual self.
- ལྟ་གང་ཟག་གི་བདག་དེ་ཡོད་མ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཚད་མ་རིག་པས། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།In Buddhist logic, the existences of a gangzak gi dak refuted.
- གང་ཟག་གི་བདག་ཟེར། འོ་འདི་ཡང་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།And gangzak gi dak is not a shéja.
- ལྟ་ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཡིན་པ་ལྟ་བུ། ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཡིན་པ་ལྟ་བུ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། ལྟ་ཀ་བུ་གཉིས་ཡིན་པ་ཞིག་བཞག་ཡག་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Is there an example for pillar-pot in our real life?
- བཞག་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Does such a thing exist?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག Studentཡོད་མ་རེད།No.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangཡོད་མ་རེད་པཱ། ཀ་བ་ཡང་ཡིན། བུམ་པ་ཡང་ཡིན་མཁན་ཞིག་ཡོང་གི་མ་རེད་པཱ།There is no such thing which is both a pillar and a pot.
- བྱས་ཙང་དེའང་ཡང་ཀ་བུ་གཉིས་ཡིན་པ་མེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།So here also, we will say that a pillar-pot doesn't exist.
- འོ་ཡིན་པ་མེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། བྱས་ཙང་ཀ་བུ་གཉིས་ཡིན་པ་དེ་ཤེས་བྱ་མི་ཡིན་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པའི་གྲས་ལ།It doesn't exist. Believing in its existence is one example of shéja mayinpa.
- ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ། ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་ཡག་པོ་ཤེས་ཡག་ལ་ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ལ་དེ་ཚོ་ཡག་པོ་ཤེས་པ་བྱེད་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད།In Buddhist logic, you need to master these fundamentals.
- ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།What is shéja?
- ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ངས་ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་ལ་དྲིས་ན།If I asked you, "What is shéja?"
- ཤེས་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་མཁན་གྱི་ཆོས་ཤིག་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་བ་རེད་ཟེར། ལན་རྒྱག་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད་ལམ་སེང་།The answer should be, "A knowable entity is shéja."
- ཕར་ལ་ལམ་སེང་ལན་རྒྱག་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད།You have to answer it immediately.
- ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཤེས་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་མཁན་གྱི་ཆོས་ཤིག་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཟེར་བ་རེད་ཟེར།If asked, "What is shéja?" The reply should be, "A knowable thing is shéja."
- ཤེས་རྒྱུ་མེད་མཁན་གྱི་ཆོས་ཡོད་རེད་མ་རེད།Is there any phenomenon that is incomprehensible?
- ཡོད་མ་རེད།It doesn't exist.
- ཤེས་རྒྱ་མེད་པའི། ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་པ་ལབ་ཆོག་པ་རེད།If it is a shéja, we can comprehend it.
- ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོའི་རིག་པ་ག་རེ་སྦྱངས་སོང་ནའི་ཤེས་ཡག་འདུག་གཱ དེ་ཤེས་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་པའི་རྟགས་རེད་པཱ།If you study something, you will learn it. That shows it is knowable.
- མ་སྦྱངས་པ་རེད་མ་གཏོགས་ཤེས་(སྦྱངས་)ན་ཤེས་རྒྱ་ཡོད་རེད་པཱ།If you don't learn it, then you won't understand it.
- འོ་ལྟ་ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཡིན་པ་བཞག་ཡག་ཡོད་རེད་མེད།Is there such thing that is pillar-vase?
- མེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། གཞུག་མ་ཡིན་ན་ལམ་སེང་ལན་རྒྱག་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད།We will say, "No!" Like that, you have to answer it immediately.
- ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཡོད་དམ་མེད་ཟེར་ན། མེད་ཟེར།If asked, "Does pillar-pot exist or not?" Answer and say, "No."
- མི་ཁྱི་གཉིས་ཡིན་པ་ཡོད་དམ་མེད་ཟེར་ན། མི་དང་ཁྱི་གཉིས་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོད་རེད། མི་ཁྱི་གཉིས་ཟེར་ན། བསྡུས་པ་རེད་པཱ།If asked, "Does man-dog exist or not?" The word mikyi (man-dog) is a contraction of two words mi (man) and kyi (dog).
- མི་ཁྱི་གཉིས་ཡིན་པ་ཡོད་དམ་མེད་ཟེར་ན། མེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། འོ་འདི་རེད།If asked, "Does man-dog exist or not?" The answer should be, "No."
- ལྟ་མི་ཁྱི་གཉིས་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན། མེད་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཤེས་པ་བྱ་རྒྱུ་རེད་འདུག་གཱNow man-dog is not a shéja. Such being is nonexistence. That's how you learn.
- ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཡིན་པ་ལྟ་བུ་ཟེར། ལྟ་དེབ་དེ་ནས་འགྲེལ་བཤད་ར་པོ་འདི་འདྲས་འདྲ་པོ་རྒྱག་ན་འགྲིག་གི་རེད།That explanation suffices for the example of pillar-pot.
- དེ་ལའང་ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་ལྟ་བུ་བྱེ་མའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ལ། དེ་མདོ་སྡེ་པ་ཡན་ཆད་ཀྱི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་དང་།According to Léméluk (Vaibhashika), the school of thought believes in the substantiality of the sky consider it as a shéja, while Dodépa (Sautrantika) school and ones above it think otherwise.
- བློ་དང་གཟུགས་བདེན་གྲུབ་ཟིན་ཙམ་པ་མན་ཆད་ཀྱི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ལ། དབུ་མ་པའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་དང་།For those below Cittamatra school, lo and zuk are shéja. But for the Madhyamaka school, these are not shéja.
- བུམ་པ་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པ་རང་རྒྱུད་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ལ། ཐལ་འགྱུར་བའི་མ་ཡིན་པ་སོགས། གྲུབ་མཐའ་བཞག་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་མིན་གྱི་ཁྱད་པར་མཐའ་ཡས་པ་ཡོད་དོ།According to the Svatantrika school, the inherent existence of a vase is shéja. But for the Prasangika-Madhyamika school, it is not shéja. So there are multiple viewpoints.
- ལྟ་འདི་ནང་ནས་ཀྱང་། དེའང་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་ལྟ་བུ། ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་སུ། ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་རེད་མ་རེད་ཟེར་ན།The word deang means from out of these. Is the sky a dzédrup (substantiated reality) or not?
- ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ནམ་མཁའ་དངོས་པོ་མ་རེད་པཱ།We say that the sky is not dzédrup. It is not a ngöpo.
- ལྟ་ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་ལྟ་བུ་དངོས་པོ་མ་རེད་དཱ། ནང་པའི་གྲུབ་མཐའ་ལ་བཞི་ཡོད་རེད། གྲུབ་མཐའ་སྨྲ་བ་བཞི་ཟེར། འོ་བྱེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་བ། མདོ་སྡེ་པ། སེམས་ཙམ་པ། དབུ་མ་པ་བྱས་བཞི་ཡོག་རེད།There are four Buddhist philosophical schools, namely, Vaibhashika (Great Exposition), Sautrantika (Sutra), Cittamatra (Mind Only) and Madhyamaka (Middle Way).
- འདི་བཞི་ནང་ནས་བྱེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་བ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེས་ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་ཡིན་ཟེར་ཁས་བླང་ཀྱི་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Among these four schools, the Vaibhashika believes that the sky is a dzédrup. Is it clear?
- ནམ་མཁའ་དངོས་པོ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།That school will also claim that the sky is ngöpo.
- བྱས་ཙང་ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་ལྟ་བུ་བྱེ་མའི་ལུགས་ལ། བྱེ་མ་ཟེར་ན་གང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། བྱེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་བ་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། བྱེ་བྲག་འདི་བྱེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་བ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་བསྡུས་ཙང་བྱེ་མ་བྱས་པ་རེད་པཱ།What is the meaning of the word Jéma? It is the same as Jédrak Mawa (Vaibhashika). Jéma is abridged word for Jédrak Mawa.
- འོ་བྱེ་བྲག བྱེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་བའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཁོང་ཚོས་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་པ་ལ་ཁས་ལེན་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ།According to this school, they accept it as shéja.
- དེ་མདོ་སྡེ་པ་ཡན་ཆད་ཀྱི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ། མདོ་སྡེ་པ་ཡན་ཆད་ཟེར་དུས་ཙམ་ནས་བྱེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་བའི་སྒང་ལ་འདི་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ། མདོ་སྡེ་པ། སེམས་ཙམ་པ། དབུ་མ་པ་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ།For those schools above Sautrantika school, it is not shéja. What does that mean? Above Vaibhashika school, we have Sautrantika, Cittamatra, and Madhyamaka schools.
- དེ་ཚོས་རྫས་སུ་མ་གྲུབ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། བྱས་ཙང་ཁོང་ཚོའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཡིན་ན་རྫས་གྲུབ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།These schools say that the sky is an insubstantial entity.
- ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་ཡོག་མ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།They say the sky is neither shéja nor substantial entity.
- མདོ་སྡེ་པས་ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་མ་ཡིན་ཏེ་ནམ་མཁའ་རྟག་པ་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Vaibhashika school will say, "The sky is insubstantial entity because it is takpa."
- འོ་ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་འདའི། རིག་པ་བཏང་དུས། རྒྱུ་མཚན་བཀོད་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད་པཱ།Because in Buddhist logic, you have to use your wit and reason out.
- ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ག་རེ་ཡིན་ནམ་ཟེར་སོང་ན། ནམ་མཁའ་རྫས་གྲུབ་མ་ཡིན། དངོས་པོ་མ་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར། རྟག་པ་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར་ཟེར། འོ་འདི་འདྲས་སེ་ལབ་ཀྱི་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།If someone asks, "If the sky is an insubstantial entity, then what it is?" In reply, you will say, "The sky is an insubstantial entity because it is not ngöpo, it is takpa." That is how you answer it. Is it clear?
- འོ་ཡགGood!
- ལྟ་མདོ་སྡེ་པ་ཡན་ཆད་ཀྱི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར། དེ་ཚོ་ལུགས་དེ་ཚོ་ཁག་ཁག་རེད། བྱེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་བའི་ལུགས། མདོ་སྡེ་པའི་ལུགས། སེམས་ཙམ་པའི་ལུགས།For those schools above Sautrantika school, the sky is not shéja. Vaibhashika, Sautrantika, and Cittamatra are all different schools of thoughts.
- འདི་གྲུབ་མཐའ་ཡར་སླེབས་དུས་ཙམ་ལ་ཤེས་ཀྱི་རེད་པ། ཡང་ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་ཡང་གྲུབ་མཐའ་ཞིག་ཤེས་ཀྱི་རེད་པཱ། དེ་དུས་ཡང་དེ་ཚོ་འདོན་གྱི་རེད།When studying these schools, later on, you will know it.
- འོ་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་དང་། དངོས་དང་། གཟུགས། བདེན་གྲུབ། སེམས་ཙམ་པ་མན་ཆད་ཀྱི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ལ། དབུ་མ་པའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར།For those below Ngö, Zuk, Dendrup, and Cittamatra, it is shéja. While for Madhyamaka school, it is not shéja.
- བློ་དང་གཟུགས་བདེན་གྲུབ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། བློ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་བ་རེད། བློ། ཤེས་པ། རིག་པ། དེ་ཚོ་དོན་གཅིག་རེད། བློ་བྱས། ཤེས་པ། རིག་པ་ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།Lo, shépa, and rigpa all are the same thing. Is it clear?
- འོ་འདི་གས་དེ་དོན་དག་མིང་ཁག་ཁག་རེད་མ་གཏོགས་གཅིག་པ་རེད། བློ། བློ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ངོས་འཛིན་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་ན།They are synonyms. So what is lo?
- ང་རང་ཚོའི་སེམས་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ། དེ་བློ་ལ་བཞག་གི་རེད། བློ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ང་རང་ཚོའི། ང་རང་ཚོའི་རྒྱུད་ལ་སེམས་འདུག་གམ་མི་འདུག་གམ།Lo is our mind. We all have it as a part of our characteristic, isn't so?
- དེ་ཚོ་བློ་རེད། བློ་རེད། ང་རང་ཚོ་མིག་གི་རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ་འདུག་གམ་མི་འདུག་གམ། དེ་ཚོ་ཤེས་པ་རེད། གང་ཟེར་དེ་རེད། བློ་རེད།That is lo. Do will have visual consciousness or not? It is lo.
- བློ་དང་། ཤེས་པ། རིག་པ་མིང་གཅིག་ལ་མིང་མི་འདྲ་བ་མ་གཏོགས་དོན་དག་གཅིག་པ་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་འོ།Lo, shépa, and rigpa are different words, but they are synonyms. Is it clear?
- ལྟ་བློ་དང་གཟུགས་བདེན་གྲུབ། གཟུགས་ནི་ཧ་གོ་གི་རེད། གཟུགས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Lo and zuk. Do you know the meaning of zuk?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentརྡུལ་དུ་གྲུབ་པ།Material substances.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangཨཱ།What?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentརྡུལ་དུ་གྲུབ་པ།Material substances with form.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་རྡུལ་དུ་གྲུབ་པ་དེ་གཟུགས་གི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཏག་ཏག་རེད་ཁྱེད་རང་། ཁྱེད་རང་ཡག་པོ་འདུགRight. Anything formed from material substances is called zuk. You are right. Good!
- གཟུགས་རུང་གཟུགས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད། གཟུགས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གཟུགས་རུང་གཟུགས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཕྱི་ནང་གཉིས་ཟེར་བྱ་རེད།Anything having a material and physical form is called zuk.
- གཟུགས་སུ་རུང་བ་གཟུགས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད། ལྟ་གཟུགས་སུ་རུང་བ་ཟེར་ན་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་གཟུགས་སུ་རུང་བ་རེད་པཱ།Anything that can have a form or formable is called zuk. What does that mean by formable? Thing like this (table) is formable.
- འདི་གཟུགས་སུ་རུང་བ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད། གཟུགས་རེད་མ་རེད། མིག་ཤེས་ཀྱི་མཐོང་རྒྱུ་ཡོག་རེད་མ་རེད། འོ་མིག་ཤེས་བཟུང་བྱ་སོང་ཙང་གཟུགས་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Is it formable or not? Are we able to to see it with our eyes? As we can see it, it fits the definition.
- མིག་ཤེས་ཀྱིས་མཐོང་མཁན་གང་ག་ལ་གཟུགས་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Anything (object) our eye can see is zuk.
- ཉན་ཤེས་ཀྱི་ཐོས་མཁན་གང་ག་ལ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། སྒྲ།Anything our aural cognition can hear is called sound or dra.
- ལྕེ་ཤེས་ཀྱིས་མྱོང་མཁན་གང་ག་ལ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། རོ། འོ་འོ།Anything our taste consciousness can sense is called taste or ro.
- ལུས་ཤེས་ཀྱིས་མྱོང་ཡག་ཡོད་མཁན་གང་ག་ལ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཟེར་བྱ་རེད། རེག་བྱ། རེག་བྱ་འོ་འོ།Anything our body can sense is called rekja.
- སྣ་ཤེས་ཀྱི་མྱོང་ཡག་ག་རེ་ཡོད་པ་འདི་གས་གང་ག་ལ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། དྲི། འོ་ཧོ། ལྟ་ཁྱེད་ཚོ་ཡག་པོ་འདུག་ག འོ་འོ་འདི་རེད།Anything our nose can smell is smell or dri. Are these clear to you?
- ལྟ་བློ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ང་རང་ཚོ། ཤེས་པ་དང་བློ་གཅིག་པ་རེད། གཟུགས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་མིག་ཤེས་ཀྱི་བཟུང་བྱ། གཟུགས་རུང་གཟུགས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Shéja and lo are the same things. Zuk is the object our eyes held. The definition of zuk is one with a visible form.
- ཁག་ཅིག་གིས་མིག་ཤེས་ཀྱིས་བཟུང་བྱ་གཟུགས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། གཅིག་པ་རེད། འོ་འོ།Others will define zuk as the object grasped by the eye’s consciousness. Both are the same.
- ལྟ་བློ་དང་གཟུགས་བདེན་གྲུབ་ཡིན་ཟེར། སེམས་ཙམ་པ་ཡན་ཆད་ཀྱི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ།Lo and zuk are dendrup. For those below Cittamatra school, it is shéja.
- སེམས་ཙམ་པ་ཡན་ཆད་ཟེར་སོང་ན་ལྟ་འདི་གས་འདི་ལ་རེད་པཱ། གྲུབ་མཐའ་སྨྲ་བ་བཞིའི་ནང་ནས་མཐོ་ཤོས་དབུ་མ་པ་རེད་པཱ། དེ་ནས་སེམས་ཙམ་པ། དེ་ནས་མདོ་སྡེ་པ་རེད། དེ་ནས་བྱེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་བ་རེད་པཱ།Below Cittamatra school mean, well, among those four schools, the Madhyamaka school is the highest school. It is followed by Cittamatra, Sautrantika, and Vaibhashika schools in order.
- ལྟ་སེམས་ཙམ་པ་མན་ཆད་དེ་བློ་དང་། རིག་པ། འོ་ལ་སོགས་དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་འདི་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། བདེན་གྲུབ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།For those below Cittamatra school, lo, rigpa, and so on are all dendrup. They say these are dendrup. Is it clear?
- ལྟ་དབུ་མ་པ་གྱིས་བདེན་གྲུབ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། བདེན་པར་གྲུབ་པའི་ཆོས་རྡུལ་ཙམ་ཡང་ཡོག་མ་རེད།However, the Madhyamaka school says it is not dendrup. They totally reject it.
- མིང་དང་རྟོག་པས་བཏགས་ཙམ་རེད། མིང་དང་རྟོག་པས་ཕར་བཏགས་ནས་བཞག་པའམ། མ་གཏོགས། རྟོག་པས་བཏགས་པ་ལ་མ་ལྟོས་པའི་ཆོས་ཤིག་ཡོག་མ་རེད།It is merely a name and imputed by thought. Other than, no phenomenon is not attributed by thought.
- མིང་གིས་མ་བཏགས་པའི་ཆོས་ཤིག་ཡོག་མ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། བྱས་ཙང་འོ་འདི་ཟེར་ཡག་དེ་བློ། གཟུགས་བདེན་གྲུབ་ཟེར། འ་སེམས་ཙམ་པ་མན་ཆད། ལྟ་སེམས་ཙམ་པ་མན་ཆད་གང་གས་བློ་དང་གཟུགས་ལ་སོགས་པ་བདེན་པར་གྲུབ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད།There is no phenomenon not attributed by name. That is their view. For those below Cittamatra school, lo, zuk, and so on are all dendrup.
- བདེན་པར་གྲུབ་པ་དེ་གང་ཡིན་ནམ་ཟེར་ན། རང་གི་ཡུལ་གྱལ་ལས་སྐྱེས་པ་སོང་ཙང་འོ་བདེན་པར་གྲུབ་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་འོ། ཁོ་རྒྱུ་མཚན་མི་འདྲ་བ་བཞག་གི་རེད།Dendrup means established as being real. Is it clear? You provide a different reason.
- བློ་དང་གཟུགས་བདེན་གྲུབ། སེམས་ཙམ་པ་མན་ཆད་ཀྱི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ལ། དབུ་མ་པའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར། ལྟ་དབུ་མ་པའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། དབུ་མ་པའི་ལུགས་ལ་བདེན་གྲུབ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཡོག་མ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། བདེན་པར་གྲུབ་པའི་ཆོས་རྡུལ་ཙམ་ཡང་ཡོག་མ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། གང་ག་བདེན་མེད་རྐྱང་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།For those below Cittamatra school, lo and zuk are dendrup, and will say these are shéja. However, the Madhyamaka school says it is not shéja, because they totally reject it and think that there is no phenomenon with true existence.
- དབུ་མ་པའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་པ་དང་། བུམ་པ་རང་བཞིན་གྱི་གྲུབ་པ་རང་རྒྱུད་པའི་དེ་བུམ་པ་རང་བཞིན་གྱི་(གྱིས་)གྲུབ་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག དེ་ལ་ས་ཞིག་རྒྱག་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད་བྱུང་ན།The Madhyamaka school thinks that those are not shéja. Can you see the sentence which says, "Bumpa rangzhin gyi drup pa"? You need to add a sa after gyi.
- བྱུང་ན་བུམ་པ་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་དེ་ལ་རང་བཞིན་གྱི་ཟེར་བ་མ་གཏོགས་ས་མི་འདུག་ག རྗེས་འཇུག་ས་མི་འདུག་ག འོ་མ་བྱས་སོང་ན་འདི་ལ་རྗེས་འཇུག་ས་ཞིག་རྒྱག་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད། བུམ་པ་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས། གྱིས་འོ་འདའི་ས་ཞིག་རྒྱག་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད། ས་ཞིག་ཆད་པ་རེད།The suffice sa is missing in for sentence. So it should read, as "Bumpa rang zhin gyi." So please as suffice sa.
- འོ་བུམ་པ་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པ་རང་རྒྱུད་པའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། དབུ་མ་པའི་ལུགས་ལ་གཉིས་ཡོག་རེད། དབུ་མ་ཐལ་འགྱུར་བ་དང་རང་རྒྱུད་ཟེར་བ་གཉིས་ཡོག་རེད།According to the Svatantrika school, the inherent existence of a vase is shéja. That is because the Madhyamaka is further divided into two schools, namely, the Svatantrika and the Prasangika-Madhyamika schools.
- ལྟ་དབུ་མ་རང་རྒྱུད་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེས་བུམ་པ་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། དབུ་མ་ཐལ་གྱུར་བས་བུམ་པ་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་མ་གྲུབ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།The Svatantrika school will say that a vase has inherent existence. But the Prasangika-Madhyamika school think otherwise.
- ཁོང་གཉིས་འདོད་པ་ཁག་ཁག་རེད། འོ་བྱས་ཙང་བུམ་པ་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པ་རང་རྒྱུད་པའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Their views differ. So the Svatantrika school will say that the inherent existence of a vase is shéja.
- དབུ་མ་ཐལ་གྱུར་བའི། ཐལ་གྱུར་བའི་མ་ཡིན་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག ཐལ་གྱུར་བའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཡོག་མ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།However, for the Prasangika-Madhyamika school, it is not shéja.
- སོགས་སེ་ལྟ། སོགས་ཟེར་དུས་ཙམ་ལ་འདོད་པ་མི་འདྲ་བ་མང་པོ་ཡོག་རེད་བྱས་པ་རེད། འདི་འདྲས་ཀྱི་འོ་གྲུབ་མཐའ་བཞག་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་མིན་གྱི་ཁྱད་པར་མཐའ་ཡས་པ་ཡོད་དོ་ཟེར།Here the word sok means there are many different viewpoints.
- ལྟ་གྲུབ་མཐའ་བཞག་པའི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་མིན་གྱི་ཁྱད་པར་མཐའ་ཡས་པ་ཡོད། ནམ་མཁའ་དེ་རེད་པཱ་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པ་མདོ་སྡེ་པ་ཨཱའ། ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། རང་རྒྱུད་པའི་མན་ཆད་ཀྱིས་ནམ་མཁའ་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Those below the Svatantrika school, they will say that the sky has inherent existence.
- ནམ་མཁའ་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པ་དེ་རང་རྒྱུད་པ་མན་ཆད་ཀྱི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།And for them, it is shéja.
- འོ་ཐལ་གྱུར་བའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།While for the Prasangika-Madhyamika school, it is not shéja.
- ལྟ་ཡང་བུམ་པ་བདེན་མེད་དེ་ཐལ་གྱུར་བའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།However, for that school, lacking inherent existence of a vase is shéja.
- བུམ་པ་བདེན་མེད་དེ་མདོ་སྡེ་པ་དང་། བྱེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་བ་རང་རྒྱུད། རང་རྒྱུད་པ་ལྟ་ཟེར་གྱི་མ་རེད། བྱེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་བ། སེམས་ཙམ་པ་དེ་ཚོའི་ལུགས་ལ་ཤེས་བྱ་མ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།For Sautrantika, Vaibhashika, and Cittamatra schools, the lack of true existence of a vase is not shéja.
- བུམ་པ་བདེན་པར་གྲུབ་པ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། བུམ་པ་བདེན་པ་མ་གྲུབ་ན་བུམ་པ་མེད་པ་ཡིན་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། དེ་ཚད་མ་རིག་པའི་ལུགས། ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ལ་བྱས་སོང་ན་གྲུབ་མཐའ་སྨྲ་བ་མི་མཐུན་པ་མང་པོ་ཡོག་རེད།They will say, "A vase has true existence. If that is not true, it ceases to exist." So in Buddhist logic, you will find different schools.
- གང་ཡིན་ཟེར་ན། སོ་སོའི་རིག་པ་རེ་རེ་རེ་རེར། དེང་སང་གི་ཚན་རིག་དང་གཅིག་པ་རེད་པ། ཁག་ཅིག་གི་དེ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་པ། ང་རང་ཚོའི་རྣམ་ཤེས་ཀྱི་ཀླད་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ།That is because each of these schools will provide one's own reasons. It is like modern science where some equate human consciousness to our brain.
- ཁག་ཅིག་གིས་སྙིང་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ། འོ་འདི་ནང་བཞིན་ཚད་མ་རིག་པའང་ད་ག་རང་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།Some in the past think that consciousness is the heart. Likewise, there are different views in Buddhist logic. Is it clear?
- རང་རང་གི་རིག་པ་རེ་རེ་དཔྱད་ཚར་བ་དང་འོ། ཁག་ཅིག་གིས་གཟུགས་བདེན་པར་གྲུབ་པ་རེད་ཟེར། ཁག་ཅིག་གིས་འོ་གཟུགས་བདེན་པར་གྲུབ་ཡོག་མ་རེད་ཟེར།Providing one's own reasons, some will say that a zuk or material form has true existence. Others will argue and refute that viewpoint.
- གཟུགས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་མིང་དང་རྟོག་པས་བཏགས་ཙམ་ལས་འོ་བདེན་པར་གྲུབ་ཐབས་ནམ་ཡང་ཡོག་མ་རེད།They will say that a zuk merely exist merely in name and conceptual cognition, and will never have true existence.
- འོ་འདི་འདྲས་སེ་ཕར་ཚུར་དཔྱད་པ་མང་པོ་བྱས། འོ་གྲུབ་མཐའ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་བཟོ་དུས་ཙམ་ལ་དཔྱད་པ་མང་པོ་བྱས།Like that, they will do multiple analysis. A school is the product of such analyses.
- ཡང་དག་པའི་རིག་པའི་ལམ་ནས་འགྲན་ཏེ་འོ་དེ་ལ་གྲུབ་མཐའ་མི་འདྲ་ཡོང་ཡག་གཙོ་བོ་འདི་ནས་བྱུང་བ་རེད་པཱ།Through debates, they gave birth to different those different schools of thoughts.
- འོ་མཐའ་ཡས་པ། མཐའ་ཡས་པ་ཟེར་ན་མང་པོ་ཡོད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། དེ་ཧ་གོ་གི་ཡོད་པཱ། འོ་མཐའ་ཡས་པ།The word tayépa means numerous or countless.
- ཤེས་བྱ་མཐའ་ཡས་པ་རེད་མ་རེད།Knowledge has no limit, true or false?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentརེད།True.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་ལྟ་ཁྱེད་ཚོ། ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་ཡག་པོ་འདུག་ག ཤེས་བྱ་མཐའ་ཡས་པ་རེད། གྲངས་མེད་རེད། རེད་པཱ།You guys are brilliant. Knowledge has no limit. It is uncountable. Right.
- རིག་གནས་མཐའ་ཡས་པ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད། མཐའ་ཡས་པ་རེད། གྲངས་མེད་རེད།Culture has no limit. Yes or no? It has no limit. It is countless.
- མི་མཐའ་ཡས་པ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད། མི་ཡང་མཐའ་ཡས་པ་རེད་པཱ། མི་འཐའ་ཡས་པ་ཡིན་དགོས་བྱུང་།Does the human population have a limit or no? Of cour has no limit,
- ང་རང་བྱས་སོང་ལྟ་ཨ་ལའི་འཛམ་བུ་གླིང་ཁོ་རར་མི་ཞེ་པོ་ཞིག་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ། ལྟ་ད་དུང་དེ་བྱས་སོང་ན། ཁག་ཅིག་གི་འཛམ་བུ་གླིང་ས་གོ་ལ་འདི་ལས་གཞན་དུའང་ས་གོ་ལ་ཡོད་ཟེར་ཡོག་རེད་མ་རེད།In this world of ours, there are many people. Other than planet earth, there are also other planets like ours in the universe. Do you agree or not?
- འོ་ཚན་རིག་པ་ཁག་ཅིག་གིས་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད། དེ་ཆོས་ལུགས་ནས་ཁས་ལེན་གྱི་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། འོ།Some scientists think so. Some religions also say there are other worlds.
- མཐའ་ཡས་པ་ཡིན་དགོས་བྱུང་། སེམས་ཅན་མཐའ་ཡས་པ་རེད་པཱ། འོ་འདི། ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་མིན་གྱི་ཁྱད་པར་མཐའ་ཡས་པ་ཡོད་དོ།So of course, there is no limit. And there are limitless sentient beings and many different views about whether one is shéja or not.
- ལྟ་འདི་ག་རེ་ཚར་བ་རེད། དབྱེ་གཞི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཤེས་པ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཚར་བ་རེད། ད་གིན་དོན་ཚན་དང་པོ་ཞིག་འདུག་གNow we have completed the section for shéja, the first point.
- དེ་ཤེས་སོང་ང་། འོ།Is it clear? Good.
- ལྟ་གཉིས་པ་ཤེས་བྱ་དང་དོན་གཅིག་པ་ཟེར། ཤེས་བྱ་དང་དོན་གཅིག་པ་ལ་ག་ཚོད་ཡོག་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཤེས་བྱ་དང་དོན་གཅིག་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་མིང་དེ་ཧ་གོ་འདུག་གཱNext, how many synonyms are there for the term shéja? Do you know the meaning of this "phrase shéja dang dönchik"?
- ཤེས་བྱ་དང་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན་མཁན་ཞིག་བཞག་ན་ག་ཟེར་བཞག་གི་རེད།What example can you give?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentཡོད་པ་ཞིགYöpa.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་ཁྱོད་ཡག་པོ་འདུག ཡོད་པ་དེ་ཤེས་བྱ་དང་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན། བཞག་བྱ་དེ་ཤེས་བྱ་དང་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན། ཡུལ་དེ་ཤེས་བྱ་དང་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན། ཆོས་དེ་ཤེས་བྱ།You are good. Yöpa and shéja both have the same meaning. Zhakja and shéja have the same meaning. Yül and shéja also have the same meaning.
- ཤེས་བྱ། བཞག་བྱ། གཞི་གྲུབ། ཡོད་པ། ཆོས། རྟེན་འབྲེལ། དམིགས་པ། དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་དོན་གཅིག་རེད།Shéja, zhakja, zhidrup, yöpa, chö, temdrel, and mikpa are all same or dönchik.
- དོན་གཅིག་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་ཟེར་སོང་ན། མིང་མི་འདྲ་བ་བཏགས་པ་མ་གཏོགས། ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་དགོས་རེད། བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་དགོས་རེད།The word dönchik means synonyms. If one is shéja, the it must be zhakja, and vise versa.
- ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་དགོས་རེད། ཨའང་ཡུལ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་དགོས་རེད། ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་ཡུལ་ཡིན་དགོས་རེད།If it is yöpa, then it must be shéja. If it is yül, then it must be shéja and vice versa.
- ང་རང་ཚོ་དེ་ལ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། རིག་བྱེད་པ་ལ་རིག་བྱེད་ཀྱི་རིག་པ་ལ་བྱས་ཡིན་ན། དཔེར་ན་ཉི་མའི་མིང་ལ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།The followers of the Vedas, for example, what other names they have for sun?
- ཉི་མའང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་པཱ། ཉི་མ་མིན་པ་གཞན་དག་ག་རེ་ཡོག་རེད། རྟ་བདུན་དབང་པོ་ཡང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། རྟ་བདུན་དབང་པོ། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། ཚ་ཟེར་ཅན་ཡང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། འོད་ཁྱབ་པ་ཡང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། པདྨའི་གཉེན་ཡང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། པདྨའི་གཉེན། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།Other than sun, they will aslo call it tadün wangpo, tsazer chen, ö-khyapa, pémé nyen and so son. Is it clear?
- ནམ་མཁའི་ནོར་བུ་ཡང་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ལྟ་དེ་ཚོ་གང་ག་ཉི་མའི་མིང་གཅིག་པ་རེད་པཱ། དོན་གཅིག་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། མིང་མ་འདྲ་བ་མ་གཏོགས་པདྨའི་གཉེན་ཡང་ཟེར་ཉི་མ་རེད་པཱ།The sun is also called namkhé norbu. Although they are all different names, they are a synonym. If you call it pémé nyen, it is the sun.
- ཉི་མ་ཟེར་ནའི་རྟ་བདུན་དབང་པོ་རེད་པཱ། རྟ་བདུན་དབང་པོ་ཟེར་ནའང་ཚ་ཟེར་ཅན་རེད་པཱ། ཚ་ཟེར་ཅན་ཟེར་ནའང་པདྨའི་གཉེན་རེད་པཱ།If you call it tadün wangpo or tsazer chen, it is the pémé nyen.
- བྱས་ཙང་དོན་གཅིག་དོན་གཅིག་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད།So that is the meaning of dönchik.
- འོ་ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་དགོས། ཁྱབ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཚད་མ་རིག་པའི་སྐད་ཆ་བཤད་སྟངས་ཞིག་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ།If it is shéja, it must be yöpa. In Buddhist logic, we use the word khyap. It is the way of saying it.
- ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་པས་པ་ཁྱབ། ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་པས་པ་ཁྱབ། ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ཡུལ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། ཡུལ་ཡིན་ན་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། ཡུལ་ཡིན་ན་བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། ཡུལ་ཡིན་ན་རྟེན་འབྲེལ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། ཡུལ་ཡིན་ན་ཆོས་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། འོ་འདི་འདྲས་སེ་ལབ་ཀྱི་རེད།Shéja yinna yöpa yinpé pa khyap. Yöpa yinna shéja yinpé pa khyap. Yöpa yinna, yül yinpé khyap. Yül yinna yöpa yinpé khyap. Yül yinna zhakja yinpé khyap. Yülyin na temdrel yinpé khyap. Yül yinna chö yinpé khyap. Like that, that is how you say it.
- རྦད་དེ་ཁ་ལ་བྱང་བ་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད། ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཤེས་པ་ལ་ལས་སླ་པོ་ཡོག་མ་རེད། ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་གྲྭ་ས་ཁག་ལ་འདུག་གIt should be adept at it. Mastering the Buddhist logic is not easy. You must have observed it at different monasteries.
- རིག་པ་བཏང་གི་རེད་དཱ། ཆུ་རྒྱུག་རྒྱུག་བཏང་གི་འདུག་གཱ འོ་འདི་མིང་དེ་ཚོ་ཁག་པོ་ཤེས་རྦད་འདི་བྱེད་ཀྱི་རེད། གོམས་པ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་རེད།You have to use your wit and counter like a stream. Master the terms and acquaint yourself with them.
- ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ་དང་དོན་གཅིག ཤེས་བྱ་དང་དོན་གཅིག་ཁྱེད་རང་གིས་ཟེར་ཡག་དེ་ཏག་ཏག་རེད།What you said is correct. It has the same meaning as shéja.
- ཡོད་པ། ཤེས་བྱ། བཞག་བྱ། གཞི་གྲུབ། ཡོད་པ། ཆོས། རྟེན་འབྲེལ། དམིགས་པ། འོ་སྒྲོ་འདོགས་བཅད་པར་བྱ་བའི་གཞི་ཟེར་ཡག་ལ་སོགས་པ་ལྟ་ཡང་མང་པོ་བཞག་ཡག་ཡོག་རེད། དོན་གཅིག་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ།There are many terms like, yöpa, shéja zhakja, zhidrup, chö, temdrel, mikpa, and so on.
- ལྟ་མི་དང་སྨྲ་ཤེས་དོན་གོ་བ་དོན་གཅིག་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།A human and mashé döngowa (one with the ability to use and understand language) are the same. Yes or no?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentདོན་གཅིག་རེད།Yes, both are same meaning.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangརེད་པཱ། སྨྲ་ཤེས་དོན་གོ་བ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ལྟ་མིའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ར་པོ་ཁོ་རེད།Right. Generally, the ability to use and understand language is the definition of human.
- མིའི་དོན་དག་ཁོ་ར། སྨྲ་ཤེས་དོན་གོ་བ། སྨྲ་ཤེས་ལྟ་ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ལ་སྨྲ་ཤེས་དོན་གོ་བ་དེ་མིའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་པཱ།In Buddhist logic, the ability to use and understand language is the definition of human.
- ལྐུགས་པ་དེ་སྨྲ་ཤེས་དོན་གོ་བ་རེད་པས་ཟེར་ན། ལྐུགས་པ། རྒྱ་སྐད་ལ་བྱས་སོང་ན་ཡཱ་པཱ་རེད་པ། ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོའི་སྐད་ལ་བྱས་ན་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ལྐུགས་པ་ལ།If someone asks, "Is a deaf-mute able to use and understand the language?" What is your answer? In the Chinese language, a deaf-mute is called yapa. I don't know what it is called in your language.
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentསྨྲ་ཤེས་དོན་གོ་བ།The ability to use and understand language.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangམ་རེད་ལྐུགས་པ་ལ། ལྐུགས་པ། ལྐུགས་པའི་མིང་ལ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཁ་ནས་སྐད་ཆ་བཤད་མ་ཐུབ་མཁན་གྱི་མི་དེ་ལ།No, I am asking about a deaf-mute. What do you call a person with that kind of physical disability? The one who can't speak.
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Student[མི་གསལ།][Unintelligible]
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewang[མི་གསལ།] ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་པས།Is it [Unintellibible]?
- འོ་འོ། རྒྱ་ནག་གི་སྐད་ལ་བྱས་སོང་ན་ཡཱ་པཱ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། རེད་པཱ། ལྟ་བོད་སྐད་ལ་བྱས་སོང་ན། ལྐུགས་པ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Okay. In the Chinese language, the word for describing such a person is called yapa. In Tibetan, is called kukpa.
- ལྟ་ལྐུགས་པ་དེ་སྨྲ་ཤེས་དོན་གོ་བ་རེད་པས།Can a kukpa able to use and understand the language?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentརེད།Yes.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangལྐུགས་པས་སྨྲ་ཤེས་ཀྱི་རེད་པས།Can a deaf-mute communicate?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentའོ་འོ་ལག་པས་སྨྲ་ཤེས།Yes, a deaf-mute can communicate with hands.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་འདའི་འདའི་འདའི། ཁྱོད་རིག་པ་ཚ་པོ་འདུག ད་ག་རེད། རེད་རེད་རེད།He is brilliant. What you said is correct.
- ཁ་ནས་སྨྲ་ཤེས་ཀྱི་ཡོག་མ་རེད་འདའི་ཁོས་ཡི་གེ་བྲིས་ཤེས་ཀྱི་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ། འདི་འདྲས་སེ་ཕར་ཁོས་ལྐུགས་བརྡ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་འདུག་གཱ འོ་འདི་རེད། ཁྱོད་ཡག་པོ་འདུགEven though a deaf-mute person can't speak, that person can write or use sign language to communicate. You are good.
- ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་འདི་ཤེས་པ་དགོས་རེད། རིག་པ་དེ་ངེས་པར་དུ་ཤེས་པ་དགོས་རེད། འདི་ཡག་པོ་མ་ཤེས་ན་ཡག་པོ་ཡག་མ་རེད་དཱ། (གད་མོ་)In Buddhist logic, you need to master that art. It's indispensable. If you fail to do so, that is not good (Laughter).
- ཁྱེད་ཚོ་ལྟ་ཡག་པོ་ཞེ་དྲགས་འདུག ངས་ཀྱིས་བསྟོད་བསྔགས་གཏོང་གི་ཡིན་དཱ་ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོད། འོ་ཡག་ཡགYou are all terrific. I am praising you guys now. Great!
- ལྟ་གཉིས་པ། ཤེས་བྱ་དང་དོན་གཅིག་པ་ནི། ལྟ་ལྟོས་ཨང་། ཤེས་བྱ་བྱས། ཡོད་པ་བྱས། གཞི་གྲུབ་བྱས། བཞག་བྱ་བྱས། དམིགས་པ་བྱས། ཆོས་རྣམས་འོ་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན་ཏེ་ཟེར།The synonym for shéja are, yöpa, zhidrup, zhakja mikpa, and chö.
- ལྟ་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན་པའི་རྒྱ་མཚན་འདྲ་པོ་གང་འདྲ་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་པ་དེ་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན་པས་དོན་ཡིན་པ་གང་ཞིག དེ་དང་ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཡིན་པས་ཕྱིར་ཟེར།They are a synonym, and the reason for that is provided here in the passage, which said, "pensün yinkhyapnyam pa dé dönchik yinpé dönyin pa gangzhik dé dang pentsün yinkhyapnyam yinpé chir."
- ལྟ་འདི་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཡིན་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ལྟ་དེ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་དགོས། ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་དགོས། ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་དགོས། ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་དགོས།What it mean is that the term yinkhyapnyam is used, when, for example, if one is shéja, then it is also yöpa. Conversely, if it is yöpa, then it must be shéja.
- བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་གཞི་གྲུབ་ཡིན་དགོས། གཞི་གྲུབ་ཡིན་ན་བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་དགོས། ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་བ་རེད།If it is zhakja, then it must be zhidrup. And the vice versa. For something like this, we used the term yinkhyapnyam.
- དེའི་མིང་ཁོ་ར་ཚད་མ་རིག་པའི་ཐ་སྙད་རེད་དེ་ཚོ། ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།Yinkhyapnyam is one of the terms in Buddhist logic.
- འོ་ཡོད་པ་དང་བཞག་བྱ་གཉིས་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་རེད་མ་རེད། རེད། ཡིན་པའི་རྒྱུ་མཚན་གང་རེད། བཞག་བྱ་ཡོད་ན་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ།Are yöpa and zhakja are yinkhyapnyam or not? Yes, they are. That is because if there is zhakja, it implies that there is yöpa.
- ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ན་བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ་པས་སོ། འོ་འདི་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། དེ་ལ་ཟེར་བ་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།And the vice versa is also true. That is about yinkhyapnyam. Is it clear?
- ལྟ་ཤེས་བྱ། ཡོད་པ། ཡོད་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་ལ་རེད། ལྟ་དེ་ནས་མར་ད་ལྟ་འདོན་ཡོང་གི་རེད། ཡོད་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ།What is yöpa? That we will cover shortly.
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ།It is an observation based on valid cognition.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ་ཡོད་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་རེད། འོ་ཁོ་ལྟ་སྤྱང་པོ་ཞེ་པོ་འདུག་ག ཡག་པོ་ཞེ་པོ་འདུགThe definition of yöpa or present is what is observed by valid cognition. He is brilliant.
- འདི་རེད།You are this!
- འདི་ཁྱོད་འདི་རེད།You are excellent!
- འདི་རེད། འདི་འདི་འདི།This is you!
- ཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ་ཡོད་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་བ་རེད། མཇུག་མ་ཡིན་ཡོད་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཞོག་ཟེར་སོང་ན།Able to observe with a valid cognition is the definition of yöpa. That is how you answer it when asked for its definition.
- སྐད་མ་རྒྱོབ་དང་།Please keep quite (to the kid).
- ཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ་ཡོད་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཡིན་ཟེར། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། ཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ་དང་། ཚད་མས་བཞག་པ། ཚད་མས་རྟོག་པ། དོན་གཅིག་རེད། མདོར་བསྡུས་ན།Able to observe with a valid cognition is yöpa. Is it clear? In short, tsémé mikpa (observed by valid cognition), tsémé zhakpa, and tsémé tokpa all have the same meaning.
- འདི་ཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ་རེད་མ་རེད། འདི་ཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། འདི་ཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ་ཡིན་པའི་རྒྱུ་མཚན་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། འདི་ཚད་མས་ཤེས་པ་རེད་པཱ།Is it tsémé mikpa or not? We say it is, because we can know it with valid cognition.
- ཚད་མས་ཤེས་པ་རེད་མ་རེད། མིག་ཤེས་ཀྱིས་ཤེས་ཀྱི་འདུག་གཱ འོ་འོ། ཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ་ཡོད་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། འོ་འོ།Is it true or false? We know it with the help of our eyes. Therefore able to observe with a valid cognition is the definition of yöpa.
- ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ལ། ཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ་ཡོད་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད།In Buddhist logic, able to observe with a valid cognition is the definition of yöpa.
- ལྟ་གཞི་གྲུབ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་ལ་རེད།Now, what is zhidrup?
- ཡཱ། ལྟ་ཁྱོད། ལྟ་ཁྱོད་གཞི་གྲུབ་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཞོགWell, you tell me the definition of zhidrup.
- ཚད་མས་གྲུབ་པ་གཞི་གྲུབ་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད། འོ་དེ་ཚོ་མ་བརྗེད་མ་བྱེད་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད། ཚད་མས་གྲུབ་པ་གཞི་གྲུབ་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།The definition of zhidrup is one that is established by valid cognition. Is it clear?
- ཚད་མས་གྲུབ་པ་གཞི་གྲུབ་གྲུབ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཚད་མས་གྲུབ་པ་གཞི་གྲུབ་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར། འོ་གཅིག་པ་རེད། ཚད་མས་གྲུབ་པ། ཚད་མས་རྟོགས་པ། ཚད་མས་ཤེས་པ།One that is established with valid cognition is zhidrup. Tsémé drupa, tsémé tokpa, and tsémé shépa are all the same meaning.
- ལྟ་ཚད་མས་གྲུབ་པ་གཞི་གྲུབ་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད། བཞག་བྱ་མཚན་ཉིད་ག་རེ་བཞག་གི་རེད། བཞག་བྱ།That is the definition of zhidrup. Now, what is the definition of zhakja?
- དེ་ལ་གཅིག་འདུག་གThe one shown here.
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentཡུལ་རྟོགས་པར་བྱ་བ།Yül tokpa jawa.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangཨཱ།What?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentཡུལ་རྟོགས་པར་བྱ་བ།Yül tokpa jawa.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangཁྱེད་ཀྱི་འདྲ་པོ་འདུག ཚད་མས་རྟོགས་པར་བྱ་བ། ཡུལ་རྟོགས་པར་བྱ་བ་ཟེར་རྒྱུ་ཡོག་མ་རེད།Your answer is close. The answer is a correct understanding. You shouldn't say yül tokpa jawa.
- འོ་འདི་མ་ནོར་བ་བྱེད་དགོས་རེད།Don't confuse these two.
- གཞན་ཡག་པོ་འདུག་ག ལྟ་ཡུལ་རྟོགས་པར་བྱ་བ་ཟེར་ན་ཡང་འགྲིག་གི་མ་རེད། ཚད་མས་རྟོགས་པར་བྱ་བ་བཞག་བྱའི་མཚན་ཉིད།Otherwise, you are good. You can't yül tokpa jawa. The correct meaning is to understand validly.
- ཁྱེད་རང་ཡག་པོ་རྟོགས་པ་བྱེད་ཤིག ཁྱེད་རང་ཡང་རིག་པ་སྤྱང་པོ་འདུག འོ་ཡགYou must learn it properly. You are also brilliant. Good.
- ཡཱ། བཞག་བྱའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ལ་ག་རེ་བཞག ཚད་མས་རྟོགས་པར་བྱ་བ་བཞག་བྱའི་མཚན་ཉིད། དེ་སེམས་ལ་ངེས་ནས་བསྡད་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད།The definition for zhakja is to understand validly. Commit them to your heart.
- ཚད་མས་རྟོགས་པར་བྱ་བ་བཞག་བྱའི་མཚན་ཉིད། ཚད་མས་རྟོགས་པར་བྱ་བ་བཞག་བྱའི་མཚན་ཉིད། འོ་འདི།The definition for zhakja is to understand validly. The definition for zhakja is to understand validly.
- ལྟ་ཚད་མས་རྟོགས་པར་བྱ་བ་དང་ཚད་མས་གྲུབ་པ་གཅིག་པ་རེད། དོན་དག་ཁོ། ལྟ་སྐད་ཆ་བཤད་སྟངས་མི་འདྲ་བ་རེད་པཱ།Tsémé tokpar jawa and tsémé druppa are same. Their meaning is the same.
- ལྟ་དམིགས་པ་འདི་ལ་གཅིག་འདུག་ག ཡཱ་དམིགས་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། སྒྲོ་འདོགས་གཅད་པར་བྱ་བའི་གཞིར་དམིགས་པ་དམིགས་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་བ་རེད།The next term is mikpa. What is the definition of this term? Mikpa is defined as elimination of misconceptions.
- སྒྲོ་འདོགས་གཅད་པར་བྱ་བའི་གཞིར་དམིགས་པ་དེ་དམིགས་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཡིན་ཟེར། ལྟ་སྒྲོ་འདོགས་གཅད་པར་བྱ་བའི་གཞིར་གྱུར་པ་དེ་འོ་དམིགས་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་རེད་དཱ། མཇུག་མ་ཡིན་ན།Eradicating misunderstandings is defined as mikpa.
- དམིགས་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག དེས་ན། བཞི་པ་ཞིག་འདུག་ག ཤེས་བྱ་བཞག ཡོད་པ། གཞི་གྲུབ། ལྔ་པའོ།Can you see the term mikpa? The fourth one after shéja, yöpa, and zhidrup.
- དམིགས་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཞོག་ཟེར་ན། སྒྲོ་འདོགས་བཅད་པར་བྱ་བའི་གཞིར་གྱུར་པ་དེ་འོ་དམིགས་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཡིན་ཟེར། འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།If someone asked you to define mikpa, you would define it as the basis for elimination of misconceptions.
- དེ་བྱས། སྒྲོ་འདོགས་བཅད་པར་བྱ་བའི་གཞིར་གྱུར་པ་ཟེར་ན་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། དཔེར་ན་སྒྲྒོག་རྩེ་འདི་སྒྲོ་འདོགས་བཅད་པར་བྱ་བའི་གཞི་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད། རེད། ཁོ་དམིགས་པ་རེད་པཱ།What does it mean when we say the basis for elimination of misconceptions? For example, can this table serve as a purpose for eliminating misconceptions or not? It can. It is a frame of reference.
- སྒྲོ་འདོགས་བཅད་པར་བྱ་བའི་གཞི་ཡིན་ཟེར་ཡག་དེ་གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། སྒྲོག་རྩེ་དེ་རྟག་པ་ཡིན་ནམ་དངོས་པོ་ཡིན། ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ནམ་མེད་པ་ཡིན། རྩོད་པ་བྱེད་སའི་གཞི་ཁོ་སྒྲོག་རྩེ་དེ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།The reason why it is a basis for elimination of misconceptions is that we can argue and ask questions like these: Is this table takpa or ngöpo? Is it yöpayin or mépayin?
- སྒྲོག་རྩེ་དེ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད། སྒྲོག་རྩེ་དེ་ང་གཉིས་སྐད་ཆ་ཕན་ཚུན་དྲིས་དགོས་བྱུང་ན་འདི་དངོས་པོ་ཡིན་ནམ་རྟག་པ་ཡིན། ཡང་ན་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ནམ་མེད་པ་ཡིན། དྲིས་པའི་སྐབས་སུ། འདི་གཞི་ལ་བཞག་ན་དྲིས་ཀྱི་ཡོག་རེད་མ་རེད།Is it true or false? Suppose two of us going to talk about this table, we can ask those questions and this table as a basis.
- སྒྲོ་འདོགས་དེ་གཞིར་བྱས། གཞིར་བྱས། ལྟ་འདི་རྟག་པ་ཡིན་ནམ་དངོས་པོ་ཡིན། དྲི་བ་དྲིས་ལན་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཡོག་རེད་མ་རེད། དེ་སྒྲོ་འདོགས་བཅད་པར་བྱ་བའི་གཞིར་གྱུར་པ་ཟེར་ཡག་གི་གཙོ་བོ་དེ་རེད།To truly understand the table, it is the basis. And the question now is whether it is takpa or ngöpo. That means to become a basis for resolving misconceptions.
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentསྒྲོ་འདོགས་གཅད་པ།To truly understand something.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་སྒྲོ་འདོགས་གཅད་པར་བྱ་བ། འོ་ཡག དཔེར་ན་ནམ་མཁའ་ལྟ་བུ་ལ་མཚོན་ན་དམིགས་པ་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ནམ་མཁའ་རྟག་པ་རེད་དམ་དངོས་པོ་རེད། ཟེར་དུས་ཙམ་ནས།Right. It's to understand something truly. For example, we say the sky is mikpa, a frame of reference. When someone asks, "Is the sky takpa or ngöpo?"
- གཞི་ནམ་མཁའ་ཁོ་གཞིར་བྱས། དེ་ནས་ཁོ་རྟག་པ་ཡིན་མིན་ལ་དྲི་བ་དྲིས་ལན་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ། འོ། སྒྲོ་འདོགས་བཅད་པར་བྱ་བའི་གཞིར་གྱུར་པ་དམིགས་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཡིན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།The referent is the sky. And the question being asked is whether it is takpa or ngöpo. Right? So the definition of mikpa is to understand something truly.
- འོ་འདི་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་བྱ་རེད། དེ་ཡག་པོ་འདུག་གཱ འོ་ཡག་བྱུང་།That is right. You are perfect. Excellent.
- ལྟ་ཆོས་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་ག ཆོས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཧ་གོ་གི་ཡོད་པ།The next term is chö. Do you know what it means?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentརང་གི་ངོ་བོ་འཛིན་པ།To bear one's own entity.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ་ཁྱོད་ཡག་པོ་འདུག རང་གི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་པ་ཆོས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་ནའང་འགྲིག་པ་རེད། རང་གི་ངོ་བོ་འཛིན་པ་ཆོས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་ནའང་འགྲིག་པ་རེད།You are terrific. Bearing one's own identity is the definition of the term chö. Bearing one's own characteristic is also the definition of chö. Both are correct.
- ལྟ་ཆོས་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་རང་གི་ངོ་བོ་འཛིན་པ་ཟེར་ཡག་དེ། དཔེར་ན་སྒྲོག་རྩེ་འདི་རང་གི་ངོ་བོ་འཛིན་པ་རེད་བྱས་པ་རེད་པཱ།So chö is defined as bearing one's own identity. For example, this table bears its own identity.
- རང་གི་ངོ་བོ་འཛིན་པ་ཡིན་སྟངས་ར་པོ་གང་འདྲ་རེད་པས། སྒྲོག་རྩེ་ཁོ་ར་གྲུ་བཞིའི་ངོ་བོ་ཞིག་འཛིན་འདུག སེར་པོ་ཡིན་པ། འདི་ཡིན་ན་སེར་པོ་རེད། སྒྲོག་རྩེ་འདི་སེར་པོ། སེར་པོ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་པཱ།How it does so? This table has characteristics, such as, it has a square surface, and its color is yellow,
- སེར་པོ་རེད་དང་མ་རེད། འདི་སྒྲོག་རྩེ་འདི། ཁ་མདོག་སེར་པོ་རེད་པཱ། དེ་ནས་གྲུ་བཞི་རེད་མ་རེད།Is this table yellow or not? It is yellow. And it also has a square surface.
- གྲུ་བཞི་རེད་པཱ། ལྟ་ཁོ་རང་གི་ངོ་བོ་ག་རེ་འཛིན་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཁོ་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་པའི་ངོ་བོ་དེས་འཛིན་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་མ་རེད།This table is square. Does this characteristic attest its identity as being a shéja or not?
- གྲུ་བཞི་ཡིན་པའི་ངོ་བོ་དེས་འཛིན་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་པཱ། ཁ་མདོག་སེར་པོ་ཡིན་པའི་ངོ་བོ་འཛིན་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་པས། རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད།This table is bearing the characteristic of being a square and yellow.
- ངོ་བོ། རང་བཞིན། འོ་དེ་ཚོ་གཅིག་པ་རེད། བདག་ཉིད་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཚོ། འདི་སེར་པོའི་བདག་ཉིད་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད། སྒྲོག་རྩེ་འདི་སེར་པོའི་བདག་ཉིད་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།The terms, ngowo (identity), daknyi (nature), and rangzhin (characteristic) are all the same. The daknyi of this table is yellow or not?
- རེད་པཱ། བྱས་ཙང་རང་གི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་པ། ལྟ་དཔེར་ན་ང་ཡིན་ན་ང་རང་གི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་པ་རེད། ང་མགོ་དཀར་པོ་ཡིན་པ། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།It is. So this table is bearing its characteristic. To give another example, I am bearing my characteristics, like I have white hairs.
- འོ་གཟུགས་པོ་ཡང་ཆེ་ཆུང་འཚམས་པོ་ཡིན་པ། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། འོ་སྐད་ཡང་གསལ་པོ་རང་ཞེ་དྲགས་མེད་པ། འོ་འདི་འདྲས་ཤིག་གི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་ཡོག་རེད་ངས།Also, I have an average height. My voice is not very clear. I am bearing these characteristics. Is it clear?
- ཁྱེད་རང་ཡིན་ན་གདོང་པ་ཡང་དཀར་པོ་ཡིན་པ། སྐྲ་ཡང་སུ་ལུ་ཡིན་ན། གཟུགས་པོ་ཡང་ཆེན་པོ་ཡིན་པ་ཞིག་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་གྱི་འདུག་གཱIn your case, you have a fair complexion, curly hair, and you are also very tall. You are bearing these characteristics.
- ལྟ་ཁྱེད་རང་ཡིན་ན་འོ་གཟུགས་པོ་ཡང་ཆེན་པོ་རང་ཞེ་དྲགས་མ་ཡིན་པ། སྐྲ་ཡང་སེར་པོ་ཡིན་པ། ཡང་མིག་ཡང་སྤྱིར་བཏང་གི་སྔོ་རིལ་རིལ་ཡིན་པ། དེ་འདྲས་ཤིག་གི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་གྱི་འདུག་གམ་མི་འདུག་གམ། འོ།In your case, you are not very tall, you have golden hairs and clear blue eyes. Are these your (physical) characteristics or not?
- ལྟ་ཆོས་གང་ག་ཁོ་རང་ཁོ་རང་གི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་པའམ་ངོ་བོ་འཛིན་པ། འདི་ཡིན་ན་ལྟ་སྔོན་པོ་དང་དཀར་པོ་གང་རུང་ཡིན་པ། ཁེབས་གཅོད་ཡོད་པ། དེ་ནས་ཞབས་ར་ཡོད་པ། ལུང་ཡོད་པ་ལ་སོགས་པ་འདི་འདྲས་ཀྱི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་གྱི་འདུག་གམ་མི་འདུག་གམ། འོ།So all the chös bear their own characteristic or identity. This cup has blue and white colors. It has a lid, a vessel, a handle, and so on. These are its characteristics.
- ལྟ་ཨ་མི་རི་ཀ་བ་ཡིན་ན་ཨ་མི་རི་ཀ་བའི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད། རྒྱ་ནག་པ་ཡིན་ན་རྒྱ་ནག་པའི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད།Americans bear their own characteristics. Likewise, the Chinese or Indians have their own characteristics.
- བོད་པ་ཡིན་ན་བོད་པའི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད། ཤིང་ཡིན་ན་ཡལ་ག་ལོ་འདབ་དང་ལྡན་པ་ལ་སོགས་པ་འདི་འདྲས་ཀྱི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་མ་རེད།A Tibetan has Tibetan characteristics. A tree has its characteristics, such as its branches and leaves.
- རེད་མ་རེད། འོ་རང་གི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་པ་ཆོས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་བ་རེད། རང་གི་ངོ་བོ་དང་གཅིག་པ་རེད། ཁྱེད་རང་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་དང་རང་གི་ངོ་བོ་འཛིན་པ་ཆོས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་ནའང་འགྲིག་པ་རེད།Isn't so? So the definition of chö is bearing one's identity or characteristic. Both are the same. What you said earlier is correct that the definition of chö is bearing one's identity.
- རང་གི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་པ་ཆོས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཟེར་ནའང་འགྲིག་པ་རེད། ཡག་པོ་ཞེ་དྲགས་རེད། འདི་ཤེས་པ་དེ་ཡག་པོ་ཞེ་དྲགས་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།You can also say the definition of chö is bearing one's characteristic. I am impressed that you have learned it.
- འོ་དེ་བྱས། ད་ཆོས་རྣམས་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན་ཏེ། ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་པ། ལྟ་ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ག་རེ་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་ཟེར་སོང་ན།So to repeat, yinkhyapnyam means vice versa.
- ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ཆོས་ཡིན་པ་རེད། ཆོས་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་པ་རེད། བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་གཞི་གྲུབ་ཡིན་པ་རེད། གཞི་གྲུབ་ཡིན་ན་བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་པ་རེད། ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།If one is shéja, and it must be chö. If it is chö, then it mut be shéja. Similarly, if one is zhakja, then it must be zhidrup. If it is zhidrup, then it must be zhakja.
- ཚད་མ་རིག་པའི་ཐ་སྙད་ལ་བྱས་སོང་ན། ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། གཞི་གྲུབ་ཡིན་ན་ཡོདཔ་ཡིན་ས་ཁྱབ། ཆོས་ཡིན་ན་རྟེན་འབྲེལ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། དམིགས་པ་ཡིན་ན་ཆོས་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། ངོ་འདུག་སེ་ཐ་སྙད་ཁོ་ར་འདུག་སེ་བཏགས་ཀྱི་རེད། སྒྲ་ཁོ་ར་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Thus in Buddhist logic, we use those terms and say: If it is shéja, then it is zhakja. If it is zhidrup, then it is yöpa. If it is chö, then it is temdrel. If it is mikpa, then it is chö. If it is zhakja, then it is yöpa. Like that, we use those terms.
- ཁྱེད་རང་ཕ་གིར་ཡིན་ན་ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་སྦྱོང་མཁན་ཨེ་འདྲས་ཡིན་ན་དེ་དག་གི་མདུན་ལ་ཡིན་ན་འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།In your place, if there are others who are studying Buddhist logic, that is how you tell them.
- ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། ཚད་མས་དམིགས་པ་ཡིན་ན་བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། གཞི་གྲུབ་ཡིན་ན་ཆོས་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། ཆོས་ཡིན་ན་རང་གི་རང་བཞིན་འཛིན་པ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱྱབ་ཟེར།You will say: If it is shéja, then it is zhakja. If it is, then it is shéja. If it is confirmed by valid observation, then it is zhakja. If it is zhidrup, then it is chö. If it is chö, then it bears its characteristics.
- འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ལབ་ཀྱི་རེད་དཱ། འདི་ཡག་པོ་འདུག་སེ་ལབ་པ་ཡིན་ན་དགེ་བཤེས་དེ་ཚོ་ཡག་ཐག་ཆོད་ཀྱི་རེད།That is how you tell them. If you tell like that, those géshés (Buddhist scholars) will be so impressed by you.
- ཁོ་ཡག་པོ་ཞེ་པོ་འདུག་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་དཱ།And they will praise and say, "He is outstanding."
- འོ་ཡག ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན། ལྟ་ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་མཁན་ཞིག་འདུག་གཱ ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་འདི་ལ་ཟེར་བ་རེད།Good. So what I told you is about the term yinkhyapnyam.
- ལྟ་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་དེ་ཡང་ངོ་བ་བྱས་སོང་ན་འདི་གཅིག་ཡིན་ན་གཅིག་ཡིན་དགོས་པ་དང་། གཅིག་ཡིན་ན་གཅིག་ཡིན་དགོས་པ་གཅིག་པུ་རང་ལ་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་ཡག་ལ་ཏིག་ཙམ་རག་དྲགས་པ་རེད།Realistically, if we only use the term yinkhyapnyam to say, for example, if one is true, then the other is true, and vice versa, then it is not exact.
- གང་རེད་ཟེར་ན། ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་འདི་འདྲས་ཤིག་དགོས་ཀྱི་རེད། གཉིས་པ་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་པ་གང་ཞིག་ལ་དེ་གཉིས་ཐ་དད་ཡིན་པ། ད་གཅིག་ཡིན་ན་གཅིག་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། གཅིག་ཡིན་ན་གཅིག་ཤོས་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ་པ་དེ་ལ་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་བ་རེད།That is because the term yinkhyapnyam should be understood like this, both are yöpa, but there are distinct. If one implies the other, the vice versa is also true. That is yinkhyapnyam.
- ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། གཞན་ཡང་དཔེར་ན་རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་ཡིན་ན་ཀ་བུམ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ་ཀྱི་རེད། ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཡིན་ན་རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ་ཀྱི་རེད།Is it clear? Otherwise, if it is tak-ngö, then it is also pillar-vase. And vice versa.
- ཁྱབ་ཀྱི་རེད་དང་མ་རེད། ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཡིན་ན་གང་དྲན་དྲན་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཀ་བ་ཡང་ཡིན། བུམ་པ་ཡང་ཡིན་ན་གང་དྲན་དྲན་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།Is it true or not? If one is both pillar and vase, then it is gang dren dren (to say whatever occurs to the mind).
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentགང་དྲན་དྲན།Gang dren dren.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangའོ། རྟག་པ་ཡང་ཡིན་དངོས་པོ་ཡང་ཡིན་ན་གང་དྲན་དྲན་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།Right? If something is both pillar and vase, then it is gang dren dren. Yes or no?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentགང་དྲན་དྲན་རེད།Yes, it is gang dren dren.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangགང་དྲན་དྲན་རེད་པཱ། བྱས་ཙང་ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཡིན་ན་རྟག་དངོས་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་ཡིན་ན་ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ་ཀྱི་རེད་དེ།It's gang dren dren. So if it is pillar-vase, then it is tak-ngö. And the vice versa is also true.
- ཡིནའང་ཀ་བུམ་གཉིས་དང་རྟག་དངོས་གཉིས་དོན་གཅིག་པ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད་ཟེར་སོང་ན། དོན་གཅིག་མ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།However, if asked whether pillar-vase and tak-ngö have the same meaning or not, the answer is no.
- ཏིག་ཙམ་འདི་ལ་རིག་པ་ཞེ་པོ་ཤེས་སོང་ན་འདི་འདྲས་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་པ་དེ་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན་པས་དོན་ཡིན་པ་གང་ཞིག་དེ་དག་ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར།When one gains some understanding, then you will say like this.
- དེ་དག་ཟེར་ན་ག་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཤེས་བྱ། བཞག་བྱ། གཞི་གྲུབ། ཡོད་པ། ཆོས། འདི་གས་དེ་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། དེ་དག་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།The word dédak (those) refers to shéja, zhakja, zhidrup, yöpa, chö and so on.
- འོ་དེ་དག་ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར། ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར་ཟེར་དུས་རྒྱུ་མཚན་བཀོད་ཀྱི་ཡོག་རེད། རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་ལྟ། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་། ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར།When one uses the phrase yinpéchir, that person is providing the reason. He or she is confirming a statement.
- དེ་ཇི་ལྟར་ཡིན་ནམ་ཟེར་ལྟ་འདི་བཤད་ཀྱི་རེད། ལྟ་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་གང་འདྲ་སེ་རེད་པས་ཟེར་ན་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད། དེ་ཇི་ལྟར་ཡིན་ན་ཟེར་དུས་ཙམ་ནས།Now it is asking how it is yinkhyapnyam. That is the meaning of that statement.
- ཤེས་བྱ་དང་ཡོད་པ་གཉིས་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན་པའི་རྒྱུ་མཚན་ར་པོ་གང་འདྲ་རེད་ཟེར་ན་སོང་ན། ཤེས་བྱ་དང་ཡོད་པ་གཉིས་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན་ཏེ། དེ་གཉིས་ཕན་ཚུན་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར་ལྟ། རྒྱུ་མཚན་བཀོད་ཀྱི་ཡོག་རེད།How are shéja and yöpa have the same meaning? They are the same because they are mutually yinkhyapnyam. It is giving us the reason.
- ལྟ་དཔེར་ན་ཁྱེད་རང་མི་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད་ཟེར་ན། མི་ཡིན་རྟགས་བཀོད་ཟེར་ན། མི་ཡིན་ན་སྨྲ་ཤེས་དོན་གོ་བ་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར། འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ལམ་སེང་འདུག་སེ་ལབ་ཀྱི་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།For example, I can ask questions like these: Are you a man or not? What proof do you have? If you are human, can you use and understand the language? Like that, you will ask questions rapidly.
- ང་མི་ཡིན་པ་ཐལ། སྨྲ་ཤེས་དོན་གོ་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར། ཁྱེད་རང་ཤེས་བྱ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།I am a human. I can use and understand language. Are you shéja or not?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentལགས།What?
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangཁྱེད་རང་ཤེས་བྱ་རེད་དམ་མ་རེད།Are you shéja or not?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentརེད།Yes, I am.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་རྟགས་ཁོད། རྒྱུ་མཚན་ཁོད། ང་ཆོས་ཅན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་པ་དང་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར། འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།If you are shéja, give me the reasons to prove that.
- འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད། ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར་ཟེར། འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Right, that is how you say it. Because it is yöpa.
- འོ་ཡག འོ་འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད་དཱ། གཅིག་ཤེས་སོང་ན་ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་ཟེར་མཁན་དེ་ཤེས་ན་སྐྱིད་པོ་ཞེ་པོ་ཡོག་རེད། མང་པོ་ཤེས་འགྲོ་གི་རེད། ཧ་གོ་སོང་ང་།Good. When you mastered the Buddhist logic, you will really enjoy it. And you will learn a lot.
- ལྟ་ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་བོད་སྐད་ནི་ཡག་པོ་འདུག་ག བྱས་ཙང་འདི་སྦྱངས་ཐུབ་ན་ཡག་པོ་ཞེ་དྲགས་རེད། དངོས་གནས་ཡག་པོ་ཞེ་དྲགས་རེད། ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ་པའི་ཕྱིར་རོ་བྱས།Your Tibetan is perfect. If you can master the subject, it is excellent.
- དེ་བཞིན་དུ་ཤེས་བྱ་དང་གཞི་གྲུབ་གཉིས་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན་པ་སོགས། ལྷག་མ་ཐམས་ཅད་སྦྱར་ཏ་ཤེས་པ་བྱའོ་ཟེར། དེ་བཞིན་དུ་ཤེས་བྱ་དེ་རེད་པཱ། ཡོད་པ་གཉིས་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཡིན་སྟངས་འདི་རེད་པཱ།Likewise, shéja and zhidrup mean the same thing. So are the others.
- ལྟ་ཡང་ཤེས་བྱ་དེ་གཞི་གྲུབ་གཉིས་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཡིན་ན་གང་འདྲ་རེད་པས་ཟེར་ན།Again, how is shéja and zhidrup are yinkhyapnyam?
- ཤེས་བྱ་དང་གཞི་གྲུབ་གཉིས་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་ཡིན་པ་ཐལ། ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་གཞི་གྲུབ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། གཞི་གྲུབ་ཡིན་ན་ཤེས་བྱ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ་པའི་ཕྱིར་ཟེར། འདུག་སེ་ཟེར་གྱི་རེད།Shéja and zhidrup are yinkhyapnyam. If it is shéja, then it must be zhidrup. And if it is zhidrup, then it must be shéja. That's how you answer it.
- འདུག་སེ་བཀོད་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད། གཅིག་པ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད།It is telling us to point out like this because they are same.
- ལྟ་ཡང་བཞག་བྱ་དང་ཆོས་གཉིས་ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམ་རེད་མ་རེད།Once again, are zhakja and chö yinkhyapnyam or not?
- སློབ་ཕྲུག་ Studentརེད།Yes.
- ཚེ་དབང་ Tsewangཡིན་ཏེ། བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་ན་ཆོས་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ། ཆོས་ཡིན་ན་བཞག་བྱ་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ་པའི་ཕྱིར།Yes, they are. If it is zhakja, then it is chö. If it is chö, then it is zhakja.
- འོ་འདུག་སེ་གཅིག་པ་རེད་ཟེར་གྱི་ཡོག་རེད་ད་འདི། འདི་བཞིན་དུ་ཤེས་བྱ་དང་གཞི་གྲུབ་གཉིས་དོན་གཅིག་ཡིན་པ་སོགས། ལྷག་མ་ཐམས་ཅད་ལ། འོ། སྦྱར་ཏེ་འདུག་སེ་ཤེས་པར་བྱེད་ཀྱི་རེད། རེ་རེ་རེ་རེ་ལ་རེ་རེ་རེ་རེ་ཤོད་དགོས་ཡག་ཡོག་མ་རེད་པཱ། འོ།It's telling us that they both mean the same thing. Similarly, one should understand the rest of them like that, and there is no need to point them out one by one.
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Saita Gurung4 min 7 sec2016-01-05T17:50:43ZNar-Phu
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You Are the Sun: A Song audio-video-22496
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It is performed between lovers or otherwise loved ones at a time of departure. The composer wishes for success to the person staying back home and for a prosperous life to the one leaving. The supplication is based on popular metaphors commonly used in lyrics of classical Bhutanese songs, such as the sun departing from the sky, the snow lion from the high mountain, the golden fish departing from the river, etc. Through such a song, people can learn a valuable life lesson.<br />\n </p>\n" ], "description_alt_type_ss": [ "clip" ], "description_alt_lang_ss": [ "English" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Creator" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Singye Zangmo" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Contributor" ], "date_start": "2014-04-07T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 14906, "duration_i": 211, "duration_s": "3 min 31 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-3498", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 3498 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "You Are the Sun: A Song", "creator_sort_s": "Sonam Tobgye", "_version_": 1823055830048571400, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:02.492Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-5658" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6184", "subjects-7323", "subjects-676" ], "header": "You Are the Sun: A Song", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "You Are the Sun: A Song", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/you-are-sun-song?f=N4XyA" } }
བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 4.17 audio-video-29081
false
false
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- Larung Gar (places-5224)
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- Tibetan and Himalayan Collections (subjects-5954)
- subjects-958 (subjects-958)
- subjects-503 (subjects-503)
- subjects-1248 (subjects-1248)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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Political Ad: 002224226_05 audio-video-3084
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A Song called Sungshig Sungshig audio-video-21956
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false
- Related Places
- Ketogkha (places-18140)
- Related Subjects
- Oral Traditions (subjects-6184)
- Old Bodra (subjects-7851)
- Dzongkha (subjects-676)
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The song is sung in two different tunes, first it starts off with a short tune and then it continues with a long tune similar to Zhungdra (Bhutanese classical) songs. People do not perform this song during special occasions, celebrations or gatherings but is rather sung during leisure times.<br />\n </p>\n" ], "description_type_s": "clip", "description_lang_s": "English", "description_alt_txt": [ "<p>༉ ཆུ་ཁ་རྫོང་ཁག་ སྦོང་སྒོར་རྒེད་འོག་ནང་ལས་རྟ་མགྲིན་གྱིས་ རང་ལུགས་ཀྱི་གླུ་གཞས་ གསུངས་ཅིག་གསུངས་ཅིག་ཟེར་མི་ཅིག་འཐེན་ཏེ་འདུག གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ ཁོང་རའི་རྫོང་ཁག་ནང་རྐྱངམ་ཅིག་ཡོངས་གྲགས་ཡོདཔ་གཏོགས་ ས་གནས་གཞན་ཁའི་མི་ཚུ་གིས་འཐེན་སྲོལ་ཅིག་མེདཔ་ཨིན་མས། གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ རང་གིས་དགའ་བའི་མི་ལུ་ཧིང་གཏམ་བཤད་པའི་སྐོར་ལས་ཨིནམ་ད་ གླུ་གཞས་འདི་གདངས་དབྱངས་ལྷམ་པ་གཉིས་སྦེ་འཐེན་ནི་འདུག དེ་ཡང་ འགོ་བཙུགསཔ་ད་གདངས་དབྱངས་ཐུང་ཀུ་སྦེ་དང་ བར་ན་ཁམས་ཅིག་ལས་རིངམོ་སྦེ་གཞུང་སྒྲའི་གདངས་བཟུམ་སྦེ་འཐེནམ་ཨིན་མས། གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ དལ་ཁོམ་ཡོདཔ་ད་འཐེནམ་མ་གཏོགས་ དུས་སྟོན་དང་དགའ་སྟོན་རྟེན་འབྲེལ་གྱི་སྐབས་ལུ་འཐེན་སྲོལ་མེདཔ་ཨིན་མས།</p>\n" ], "description_alt_type_ss": [ "clip" ], "description_alt_lang_ss": [ "Dzongkha" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Creator", "Creator" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Tandin" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Contributor" ], "date_start": "2014-06-19T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 12886, "duration_i": 244, "duration_s": "4 min 4 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-3498", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 3498 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "A Song called Sungshig Sungshig", "creator_sort_s": "Dawa Tshering", "_version_": 1823055830066397200, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:02.492Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-18140" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6184", "subjects-7851", "subjects-676" ], "header": "A Song called Sungshig Sungshig", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "A Song called Sungshig Sungshig", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/song-called-sungshig-sungshig?f=N4XyA" } }
བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 19.23 audio-video-31411
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false
- Related Places
- Larung Gar (places-5224)
- Related Subjects
- Tibetan and Himalayan Collections (subjects-5954)
- subjects-1263 (subjects-1263)
- subjects-1492 (subjects-1492)
- Commentary (subjects-493)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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AUDIO_SAMPLE_UPLOAD.mp3 audio-video-2846
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Zhide New Year's Song audio-video-2713
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Political Ad: 002224229_42 audio-video-2984
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A Song called Lebé Lebé audio-video-22171
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- Related Places
- places-18403 (places-18403)
- Related Subjects
- Folk Song/Dance (subjects-7323)
- Bhutan Cultural Library (subjects-8260)
- Dzongkha (subjects-676)
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Pasang learned the song from her parents in the past. A song Lebé Lebé is a gesture in Bhutanese society to be hospitable towards a guest and to entertain the guest. The lyrics, which she sung was different from a popular song A Lebé Lebé song that sung in every significant events and occasions and the tune is almost similar. The song is sung during the religious festive events like Lochö, Chökhor or in other religious events. The song can be sung as well as dance, either individual or groups where everyone joins in singing and dancing. The song was sung as a sign of rendrel or as good auspicesness. It is mainly sung at the end of every important events.</p>\n" ], "summary": "false", "language": [ "Dzongkha" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "<p>The Lebé Lebé song is very common in their village and sung at the end of every occasion in the village. Pasang learned the song from her parents in the past. 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It is mainly sung at the end of every important events.</p>\n" ], "description_type_s": "other", "description_lang_s": "English", "description_alt_txt": [ "<p>བཀྲིས་ལེགས་པས་ཀྱི་གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ ལ་ཡག་ལུ་ཡང་ གནམ་མེད་ས་མེད་ཡོངས་གྲགས་ཅིག་ཨིནམ་ད་ གཡུས་ཁའི་དུས་སྟོན་ག་ཅི་བཟུམ་ཅིག་འབད་རུང་མཇུག་བསྡུ་བའི་སྐབས་ མཇུག་ལུ་བཀྲིས་ལེགས་པས་འགོར་དགོཔ་ཨིནམ་ད་ ཏེ་པ་སངས་ཀྱི་བཀྲིས་ལེགས་པས་འདི་ ཧེ་མ་མོ་རའི་ཕམ་ཚུ་ལས་སྦྱངས་ཡོདཔ་ད་ སྤྱིར་བཏང་གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ ང་བཅས་རའི་ འབྲུག་གི་མི་སྡེའི་ནང་ མགྱོནམ་ཚུ་ལུ་བཀྲིན་དགའ་ཚོར་བསྐྱེད་ནི་དང་ སྤྲོ་སྟོན་གྱི་དོན་ལུ་ཨིན། ཁོང་གི་འཐེན་མི་ བཀྲིས་ལེགས་པས་འདི་ནང་ ས་གནས་ག་ཏེ་ལུ་ཡང་ ཡོངས་གྲགས་སྦེ་འཐེན་མི་འདི་དང་ཅིག་ཁར་ ཚིག་ཨ་ཙི་རེ་མ་འདྲཝ་སྦེ་ཡོད་རུང་ མདངས་འདི་ཅོག་ར་འཐདཔ་མཚམས་ཅིག་སྦེ་ཡོདཔ་ད་ གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ སྤྱིར་བཏང་གི་དུས་སྟོན་ག་ཅིག་འབད་རུང་ མཇུག་བསྡུའི་སྐབས་དང་ གཡུས་ཁ་ལོ་ཆོག་དང་ ཆོས་འབྲེལ་གྱི་ལཱ་ག་ཅི་བཟུམ་ནང་ཡང་འཐེན་སྲོལ་ཡོད། གླུ་གཞས་འདི་རྟེན་འབྲེལ་གྱི་དོན་ལུ་ ལས་རིམ་ག་ཅི་བཟུམ་ཅིག་འབད་རུང་ མཇུག་བསྡུའི་སྐབས་འཐེནམ་ཨིན། </p>\n" ], "description_alt_type_ss": [ "other" ], "description_alt_lang_ss": [ "Dzongkha" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Creator" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Pasang" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Performer" ], "date_start": "2014-12-09T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 22466, "duration_i": 450, "duration_s": "7 min 30 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-3498", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 3498 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "A Song called Lebé Lebé", "creator_sort_s": "Yeshé Wangchuk", "_version_": 1823055830193275000, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:02.624Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-18403" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-7323", "subjects-8260", "subjects-676" ], "header": "A Song called Lebé Lebé", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "A Song called Lebé Lebé", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/song-called-leb%C3%A9-leb%C3%A9?f=N4XyA" } }
Roofers For New Test audio-video-2708
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Political Ad: 002224229_55 audio-video-2979
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 38.02 audio-video-35091
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 8.39 audio-video-29771
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- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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Сказки Пушкина - Сказка о царе Салтане audio-video-3751
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Мультик для детей по мотивам известной сказки А.С. Пушкина. Три девицы под окном пряли поздно вечерком... Подслушав их разговор царь выбрал себе жену, которая к сентябрю родит ему сына-богатыря. Original YouTube video at: https://youtu.be/q-yO_m3FKJk
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Political Ad: 002224214_09 audio-video-2521
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 1.21 audio-video-28176
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- Related Places
- Larung Gar (places-5224)
- Related Subjects
- Tibetan and Himalayan Collections (subjects-5954)
- subjects-958 (subjects-958)
- subjects-503 (subjects-503)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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The Black Metal Gun audio-video-2289
false
false
- Related Places
- Sertar (places-1093)
- Related Subjects
- Music in Tibet (subjects-6121)
- Folk songs (glu) (subjects-6164)
- Tibetan (subjects-638)
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An Account of Chungkhar Barma audio-video-23181
false
false
- Related Places
- China (places-1)
- Monggar (places-5389)
- places-20034 (places-20034)
- Related Subjects
- Oral Traditions (subjects-6184)
- subjects-7804 (subjects-7804)
- Bhutan Cultural Library (subjects-8260)
- subjects-640 (subjects-640)
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Barma, who belongs to the lineage of Bangtsho Choje, owns the Lhakhang at Bar Goenpa, opposite Chungkhar and facing Zobel and Shumarthang. Malik Barma and Layshing Khap also belong to the lineage of Bangtsho Choje. The Lhakhang is located in Malik Barma's land. Layshing Khap has a separate land. Due to some problem, Malik Barma moved to Kaliphu and in his absence, Layshing Khap took care of his land and the temple. Later Malik Barma returned from Kaliphu and filed a case against Layshing Khap. He ended up owning both the Lhakhang and the land. </p>\n" ], "summary": "false", "language": [ "Tsangla" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "<p>Sangay Phuntsho narrates an account of Chungkhar Barma. Barma, who belongs to the lineage of Bangtsho Choje, owns the Lhakhang at Bar Goenpa, opposite Chungkhar and facing Zobel and Shumarthang. Malik Barma and Layshing Khap also belong to the lineage of Bangtsho Choje. The Lhakhang is located in Malik Barma's land. 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SCPS Public Safety Webinar 02 audio-video-25506
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 57.04 audio-video-38211
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An Account of Zhabdrung Jigme Drakpa's Tooth audio-video-22971
false
false
- Related Places
- Bhutan (places-427)
- Related Subjects
- Bhutan Cultural Library (subjects-8260)
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Political Ad: 002224291_03 audio-video-3358
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Political Ad: 002224230_02 audio-video-2956
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 30.28 audio-video-33976
false
false
- Related Places
- Larung Gar (places-5224)
- Related Subjects
- Tibetan and Himalayan Collections (subjects-5954)
- subjects-1444 (subjects-1444)
- subjects-2485 (subjects-2485)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 2.09 audio-video-28761
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 59.04 audio-video-38536
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- Commentary (subjects-493)
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 13.28 audio-video-30506
false
false
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- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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The First Offering Is for India: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area audio-video-4015
Drolle from Serchen, Amdo sings a song called "The First Offering Is for India"
false
- Related Places
- India (places-425)
- places-2786 (places-2786)
- Related Subjects
- Music in Tibet (subjects-6121)
- subjects-6132 (subjects-6132)
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 52.26 audio-video-37526
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 51.14 audio-video-37306
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Political Ad: 002224235_75 audio-video-3166
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Political Ad: 002224235_46 audio-video-3194
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 58.13 audio-video-38426
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- Related Places
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- Related Subjects
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- subjects-867 (subjects-867)
- subjects-9351 (subjects-9351)
- Commentary (subjects-493)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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Sing the First Song for the White Arrow: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area audio-video-4071
Tsering Jyi sings a song called "Sing the First Song for the White Arrow"
This is a video of Tsering Jyi from Yonru Village in Chentsa singing a song called "Sing the First Song for the White Arrow." This song is part of a collection of folk songs from the Rebgong cultural area.
- Related Places
- Chentsa (places-1170)
- Related Subjects
- subjects-6132 (subjects-6132)
- Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections (subjects-6308)
- Music in Tibet (subjects-6121)
- Folk songs (glu) (subjects-6164)
- Tibetan (subjects-638)
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 27.04 audio-video-32641
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- Related Subjects
- Tibetan and Himalayan Collections (subjects-5954)
- subjects-2217 (subjects-2217)
- subjects-949 (subjects-949)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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Going Upward: A Song audio-video-3884
false
false
- Related Places
- places-5675 (places-5675)
- Related Subjects
- Oral Traditions (subjects-6184)
- Old Bodra (subjects-7851)
- subjects-640 (subjects-640)
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The song talks about important people in an individual’s life, such as the precious master, the king, parents, and siblings. It describes the precious master sitting on a throne in order to spread Dharma, the king riding a horse, the parents helping their children on the path of Dharma, the son going on business trip, and the sister singing a song. The song's purpose is to pay homage to helpful people in one's life.<br />\n </p>\n" ], "description_alt_type_ss": [ "clip" ], "description_alt_lang_ss": [ "English" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Creator", "Creator", "Editor", "Editor" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Langdong", "Karma Choden" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Contributor", "Contributor" ], "date_start": "2015-08-27T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 14056, "duration_i": 243, "duration_s": "4 min 3 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-3498", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 3498 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "Going Upward: A Song", "creator_sort_s": "Duptho", "_version_": 1823055839526649900, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:11.515Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-5675" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6184", "subjects-7851", "subjects-640" ], "header": "Going Upward: A Song", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "Going Upward: A Song", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/going-upward-song?f=N4XyA" } }
A Song Among Contesting and Seven Other Folk Songs audio-video-32966
A collection of six songs commonly performed in nomadic communities near Zangkar.
In this video there are seven songs: A Song Among Contesting, Who Has More Songs, Opening Song, Who is the Grinder Song, Answer to Who is the Grinder Song, Three Woods Question Song, Three Woods Answer Songs.
- Related Places
- Zangkar (places-15773)
- Related Subjects
- subjects-6348 (subjects-6348)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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"subjects-654", "terms-195329" ], "kmapid_strict": [ "places-15773", "subjects-6348", "subjects-654", "terms-195329" ], "kmapid_strict_ss": [ "Zangkar", "Traditional Songs", "Amdo Group", "ལམ་གསུམ" ], "kmapid_is": [ 1373501, 1374001, 101, 42801, 106301, 107801, 1577301, 1577301, 580802, 17702, 632602, 634802, 634802, 30102, 56002, 58602, 58702, 59302, 63802, 65402, 65402, 19532903 ], "kmapid_places_idfacet": [ "Zangkar|places-15773" ], "kmapid_subjects_idfacet": [ "Traditional Songs|subjects-6348", "Amdo Group|subjects-654" ], "kmapid_terms_idfacet": [ "ལམ་གསུམ|terms-195329" ], "visibility_i": 1, "visibility_s": "public", "solrdoc_ts_i": 1706202994, "node_user_full_s": "Ariana Maki", "collection_title": "Traditional Education of Tibetan Children in Zangkar", "collection_nid": "25416", "creator": [ "Wende Khar", "Wende Khar", "Tsewang Dorji", "Tsehuajab Washul", " Tibetan and Himalayan Library" ], "caption": "A collection of six songs commonly performed in nomadic communities near Zangkar.\n", "descriptions": [ "A collection of six songs commonly performed in nomadic communities near Zangkar.\n", "<p>In this video there are seven songs: A Song Among Contesting, Who Has More Songs, Opening Song, Who is the Grinder Song, Answer to Who is the Grinder Song, Three Woods Question Song, Three Woods Answer Songs.</p>\n", "<p>བརྙན་འདིར་དམངས་གླུ་བརྒྱད་ཡོད་ལ་སོ་སོའི་ཁ་བྱང་ནི།1《གླུ་སུའི་མང་ལྟ་བའི་གླུ།》2《གླུ་སྒོ་ཕྱེ་པའི་གླུ།》3《ལམ་གསུམ་འདྲི་བའི་གླུ།》4《ལམ་གསུམ་སྦྱོར་བའི་གླུ་ལན།》5《སུས་འཐགས་འདྲི་བའི་གླུ།》6《སུས་འཐགས་སྦྱོར་བའི་གླུ་ལན།》7《ཤིང་གསུམ་འདྲི་བའི་གླུ།》8《ཤིང་གསུམ་སྦྱོར་བའི་གླུ་ལན།》</p>\n", "en", "en", "<p>མདོ་སྨད་ཟངས་དཀར་ཡུལ་གྱི་འབྲོག་པའི་ས་ཆའི་དམངས་གླུའི་སྐོར་ལས་གླུའི་མང་ཉུང་ལྟ་བ་དང་གླུ་སྒོ་ཕྱེ་པ། ལམ་གསུམ་དྲི་བའི་གླུ་དང་དྲིས་ལན་སོགས་གླུ་བདུན།</p>\n", "<p>视频中的有 1《比歌量之歌》2《开场歌》3《问三路之歌》4《回三路之歌》5《问谁磨之歌》6《回谁磨之歌》7《问三木之歌》8《回三木之歌》等八首歌。</p>\n", "en", "en", "藏族牧民传统的民歌 -比歌量等七首歌,在安多邛溪壤噶地区广为流传。\n", "en" ], "summary": "<p>In this video there are seven songs: A Song Among Contesting, Who Has More Songs, Opening Song, Who is the Grinder Song, Answer to Who is the Grinder Song, Three Woods Question Song, Three Woods Answer Songs.</p>\n", "language": [ "Amdo Group" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "<p>བརྙན་འདིར་དམངས་གླུ་བརྒྱད་ཡོད་ལ་སོ་སོའི་ཁ་བྱང་ནི།1《གླུ་སུའི་མང་ལྟ་བའི་གླུ།》2《གླུ་སྒོ་ཕྱེ་པའི་གླུ།》3《ལམ་གསུམ་འདྲི་བའི་གླུ།》4《ལམ་གསུམ་སྦྱོར་བའི་གླུ་ལན།》5《སུས་འཐགས་འདྲི་བའི་གླུ།》6《སུས་འཐགས་སྦྱོར་བའི་གླུ་ལན།》7《ཤིང་གསུམ་འདྲི་བའི་གླུ།》8《ཤིང་གསུམ་སྦྱོར་བའི་གླུ་ལན།》</p>\n" ], "caption_lang_s": "en", "summary_lang_s": "en", "summary_alt_txt": [ "<p>མདོ་སྨད་ཟངས་དཀར་ཡུལ་གྱི་འབྲོག་པའི་ས་ཆའི་དམངས་གླུའི་སྐོར་ལས་གླུའི་མང་ཉུང་ལྟ་བ་དང་གླུ་སྒོ་ཕྱེ་པ། ལམ་གསུམ་དྲི་བའི་གླུ་དང་དྲིས་ལན་སོགས་གླུ་བདུན།</p>\n", "<p>视频中的有 1《比歌量之歌》2《开场歌》3《问三路之歌》4《回三路之歌》5《问谁磨之歌》6《回谁磨之歌》7《问三木之歌》8《回三木之歌》等八首歌。</p>\n" ], "summary_alt_lang_ss": [ "en", "en" ], "description_type_s": "general description", "description_lang_s": "en", "caption_alt_txt": [ "藏族牧民传统的民歌 -比歌量等七首歌,在安多邛溪壤噶地区广为流传。\n" ], "caption_alt_lang_ss": [ "en" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Executive Producer", "Executive Producer", "Producer" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Sonam Tsering" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Contributor" ], "date_start": "2018-08-09T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 26581, "duration_i": 190, "duration_s": "3 min 10 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Traditional Education of Tibetan Children in Zangkar (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-25416" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-25416", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-25416" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Traditional Education of Tibetan Children in Zangkar" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 25416 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "A Song Among Contesting and Seven Other Folk Songs", "creator_sort_s": "Wende Khar", "_version_": 1823055839528747000, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:11.515Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-15773" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6348", "subjects-654" ], "header": "A Song Among Contesting and Seven Other Folk Songs", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "A Song Among Contesting and Seven Other Folk Songs", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/song-among-contesting-and-seven-other-folk-songs?f=N4XyA" } }
A Song called Thridug Gung Ngyon Kor audio-video-21961
false
false
- Related Places
- Ketogkha (places-18140)
- Related Subjects
- Oral Traditions (subjects-6184)
- Old Bodra (subjects-7851)
- Dzongkha (subjects-676)
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This song speaks of a meeting and separation but also the hope to meet again soon. Such songs are performed towards the end of any special celeberation, ceremony and gathering. Since it is a Boedra song, it is performed in a circular formation and the dance steps change as per the change in the verse and the lyrics of the song. The composer and the origin of the song are unknown.<br />\n </p>\n" ], "summary": "false", "language": [ "Dzongkha" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "<p>Dorji Bidha from Bongo Gewog (county) in Chukha district, sings an old Boedra song called \"Thridung Gung Ngyon Kor\" (The Sun Goes Around the Blue Sky). This song speaks of a meeting and separation but also the hope to meet again soon. Such songs are performed towards the end of any special celeberation, ceremony and gathering. Since it is a Boedra song, it is performed in a circular formation and the dance steps change as per the change in the verse and the lyrics of the song. The composer and the origin of the song are unknown.<br />\n </p>\n" ], "description_type_s": "clip", "description_lang_s": "English", "description_alt_txt": [ "<p>༉ ཆུ་ཁ་རྫོང་ཁག་ སྦོང་སྒོར་རྒེད་འོག་ནང་ལས་རྡོ་རྗེ་བུ་དར་གྱིས་ འབོད་སྒྲའི་གླུ་གཞས་ ཁྲི་གདུགས་དགུང་སྔོན་བསྐོར་ཏེ་ ཟེར་མི་ཅིག་འཐེན་ནི་འདུག གླུ་གཞས་འདི་གིས་འཛོམས་པའི་མཐའ་མ་ཁ་འབྲལ་ཞིནམ་ལས་ ལོག་སྟེ་འཛོམས་ནི་གི་རེ་སྨོན་སྐོར་ལས་སྟོནམ་ཨིན་མས། འདི་བཟུམ་མའི་གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ ཕམ་སྤུན་ཆ་དང་བླམ་སློབ་དཔོན་ གཉེན་ཉེཝ་དང་དགའཝ་མཐུནམ་ ལྟ་ལྟོ་ཚང་ཚུ་སོ་སོར་ཁ་འབྱལ་ཞིནམ་ལས་ཡུན་རིངམོ་གི་རྒྱབ་ལས་ལོག་འཕྱད་ཚུགས་ཏེ་ སེམས་ཁ་ལུ་དགའ་བ་བྱུང་སྟེ་ ད་ན་ལས་ཕར་ ག་ཏེ་ཡང་མི་གཏང་ཟེར་བའི་དོན་ཨིན་མས། གླུ་གཞས་འདི་གིས་ ཕམ་སྤུན་དང་ལྟ་ལྟོ་ཚང་ བླམ་སློབ་དཔོན་དང་གཉེན་ཉེཝ་ཚུ་འཛོམས་ཞིནམ་ལས་ཁ་འབྲལ་མི་གཏང་ ལས་ཀྱི་དབང་གིས་འབད་ཁ་འབྱལ་སོང་སྟེ་འབད་རུང་ ལོག་སྟེ་སང་ཕོད་མཇལ་བའི་སྨོན་ལམ་བཏབ་ཨིན་པས། གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ འབོད་སྒྲ་འབདཝ་ལས་ སྒོར་སྒོརམ་སྦེ་འཁྲབ་ནི་ཡོདཔ་ད་ ལེའུ་དང་བཅསཔ་སྦེ་འཐེན་ནི་ཡོདཔ་ཨིན་མས།</p>\n" ], "description_alt_type_ss": [ "clip" ], "description_alt_lang_ss": [ "Dzongkha" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Creator", "Creator" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Dorji Bidha" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Contributor" ], "date_start": "2014-06-19T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 14596, "duration_i": 228, "duration_s": "3 min 48 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-3498", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 3498 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "A Song called Thridug Gung Ngyon Kor", "creator_sort_s": "Dawa Tshering", "_version_": 1823055840495534000, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:12.451Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-18140" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6184", "subjects-7851", "subjects-676" ], "header": "A Song called Thridug Gung Ngyon Kor", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "A Song called Thridug Gung Ngyon Kor", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/song-called-thridug-gung-ngyon-kor?f=N4XyA" } }
Describing Pilgrims from Kham II audio-video-514
Dékyi describes a photo of pilgrims from Kham.
- Related Places
- places-5225 (places-5225)
- Lhasa (places-637)
- Ü (places-15355)
- Related Subjects
- subjects-6072 (subjects-6072)
- subjects-6075 (subjects-6075)
- subjects-6192 (subjects-6192)
- Ü-Tsang Group (subjects-652)
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А.С. Пушкин - Маленькие трагедии 1 audio-video-3856
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Puna Dechen Chag Pai: A Song audio-video-4286
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false
- Related Places
- Punakha (places-5411)
- Related Subjects
- Oral Traditions (subjects-6184)
- subjects-7424 (subjects-7424)
- Dzongkha (subjects-676)
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Pem Chimi Lama audio-video-41406
Pem Chimi Lama is a Nar-Phu speaker describing her experiences in the 2015 Nepal Earthquake.
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- Related Places
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- Related Subjects
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 30.07 audio-video-33871
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 63.09 audio-video-39331
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གླུ་ཤགས། audio-video-39656
false
false
- Related Subjects
- subjects-168 (subjects-168)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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The Beneficence of Parents: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area audio-video-3994
Namkha from Gagya Village in Chentsa sings a song called "The Beneficence of Parents"
གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དོན་གཙོ་བོ་ནི་རྐྱང་ཁ་དཀར་གྱི་རྒྱབ་ལ་སྒ་གཏོད་མ་དགོས་པ་ནི་འདོ་རིགས་རྟ་པོའི་དྲིན་ཡིན་པ་དང་། བུ་བུ་ཕྲུག་རྣམས་དཀའ་ལས་དཀའ་ཁག་ལ་མ་འཕྲད་པ་དང་རང་སྐྱིད་པོ་བདེ་མོ་ཡིན་པ་ནི་ཕ་མ་བཀའ་དྲིན་ཅན་གྱི་དྲིན་ཡིན་པས་ཁ་ལེན་ཚིག་བརྩི་དང་དྲིན་ལན་འཇལ་དགོས་པར་གདམས་པའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།
- Related Places
- Chentsa (places-1170)
- Related Subjects
- Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections (subjects-6308)
- subjects-6132 (subjects-6132)
- Music in Tibet (subjects-6121)
- Folk songs (glu) (subjects-6164)
- Tibetan (subjects-638)
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"node_user_full_s": "Bradley Aaron", "collection_title": "Repgong Folk Songs Project", "collection_nid": "3939", "creator": [ "Tibetan & Himalayan Library", "Dudul Dorjee", "Dudul Dorjee", "Tsedan Gyal", "Yidam Tsering" ], "caption": "Namkha from Gagya Village in Chentsa sings a song called \"The Beneficence of Parents\"\n", "descriptions": [ "Namkha from Gagya Village in Chentsa sings a song called \"The Beneficence of Parents\"\n", "<p>གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དོན་གཙོ་བོ་ནི་རྐྱང་ཁ་དཀར་གྱི་རྒྱབ་ལ་སྒ་གཏོད་མ་དགོས་པ་ནི་འདོ་རིགས་རྟ་པོའི་དྲིན་ཡིན་པ་དང་། བུ་བུ་ཕྲུག་རྣམས་དཀའ་ལས་དཀའ་ཁག་ལ་མ་འཕྲད་པ་དང་རང་སྐྱིད་པོ་བདེ་མོ་ཡིན་པ་ནི་ཕ་མ་བཀའ་དྲིན་ཅན་གྱི་དྲིན་ཡིན་པས་ཁ་ལེན་ཚིག་བརྩི་དང་དྲིན་ལན་འཇལ་དགོས་པར་གདམས་པའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།</p>\n", "<p>This is a video of Namkha from Gagya Village in Chentsa singing a song called \"The Beneficence of Parents.\" This song is part of a collection of folk songs from the Rebgong cultural area.</p>\n", "English", "འདི་ནི་བུ་ཕྲུག་རྣམས་ཀྱིས་རང་གི་ཕ་མའི་ཁ་ལེན་ཚིག་བརྩི་བྱེད་དགོས་པར་བསྐུལ་བའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།\n", "Tibetan", "Tibetan" ], "summary": "<p>གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དོན་གཙོ་བོ་ནི་རྐྱང་ཁ་དཀར་གྱི་རྒྱབ་ལ་སྒ་གཏོད་མ་དགོས་པ་ནི་འདོ་རིགས་རྟ་པོའི་དྲིན་ཡིན་པ་དང་། བུ་བུ་ཕྲུག་རྣམས་དཀའ་ལས་དཀའ་ཁག་ལ་མ་འཕྲད་པ་དང་རང་སྐྱིད་པོ་བདེ་མོ་ཡིན་པ་ནི་ཕ་མ་བཀའ་དྲིན་ཅན་གྱི་དྲིན་ཡིན་པས་ཁ་ལེན་ཚིག་བརྩི་དང་དྲིན་ལན་འཇལ་དགོས་པར་གདམས་པའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།</p>\n", "language": [ "Tibetan" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "<p>This is a video of Namkha from Gagya Village in Chentsa singing a song called \"The Beneficence of Parents.\" This song is part of a collection of folk songs from the Rebgong cultural area.</p>\n" ], "description_type_s": "song", "description_lang_s": "English", "caption_lang_s": "English", "caption_alt_txt": [ "འདི་ནི་བུ་ཕྲུག་རྣམས་ཀྱིས་རང་གི་ཕ་མའི་ཁ་ལེན་ཚིག་བརྩི་བྱེད་དགོས་པར་བསྐུལ་བའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།\n" ], "caption_alt_lang_ss": [ "Tibetan" ], "summary_lang_s": "Tibetan", "creator_role_ss": [ "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Namkha" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Performer" ], "date_start": "2015-11-08T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 3243, "duration_i": 144, "duration_s": "2 min 24 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Repgong Folk Songs Project (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3939" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-3939", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-3939" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Repgong Folk Songs Project" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 3939 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "The Beneficence of Parents: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area", "creator_sort_s": "Tibetan & Himalayan Library", "_version_": 1823055842565423000, "timestamp": 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Marriage Songs audio-video-39876
བག་གླུ་ནི་བག་མ་སྐྱེལ་བའི་སྐབས་སུ་ལེན་པའི་གླུ་དེ་ལ་བཤད།
བག་མ་སྐྱེལ་དུས་སུ་གནས་སྐབས་དེ་དང་མཐུན་པའི་གླུ་མང་པོ་ལེན་པ་ཡིན། དཔེར་ན། བུ་མོ་རྣམས་གནས་ལ་འགྲོ་དུས་ཀྱི་སེམས་ཁམས་ཏེ་སེམས་སྡུག་པའི་རྣམ་པ་དེ་གླུ་རུ་ལེན་པ། ཡང་ན་བུ་མོ་གནས་ལ་འགྲོ་དགོས་པས་ལས་ངན་ཡིན་པ། ད་དུང་བུ་མོ་གནས་ལ་སོང་ན་ཁྱིམ་དེའི་མི་རྣམས་དང་འགྲོགས་ཤེས་འདུག་ཤེས་བྱེད་དགོས་པ་སོགས་གླུ་རུ་ལེན་པ་ཡིན།
- Related Places
- Chentsa (places-1170)
- Triga (places-1176)
- Related Subjects
- subjects-5978 (subjects-5978)
- subjects-6132 (subjects-6132)
- Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections (subjects-6308)
- subjects-6172 (subjects-6172)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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A first kind are songs which express a woman's sadness when she gets married. A second category of songs are songs which express the miserable fate of a woman who marries out. Finally, this speech advises a new bride to learn to live in harmony with her husband’s family after marriage.</p>\n", "Chinese", "English" ], "summary": "<p>བག་མ་སྐྱེལ་དུས་སུ་གནས་སྐབས་དེ་དང་མཐུན་པའི་གླུ་མང་པོ་ལེན་པ་ཡིན། དཔེར་ན། བུ་མོ་རྣམས་གནས་ལ་འགྲོ་དུས་ཀྱི་སེམས་ཁམས་ཏེ་སེམས་སྡུག་པའི་རྣམ་པ་དེ་གླུ་རུ་ལེན་པ། ཡང་ན་བུ་མོ་གནས་ལ་འགྲོ་དགོས་པས་ལས་ངན་ཡིན་པ། ད་དུང་བུ་མོ་གནས་ལ་སོང་ན་ཁྱིམ་དེའི་མི་རྣམས་དང་འགྲོགས་ཤེས་འདུག་ཤེས་བྱེད་དགོས་པ་སོགས་གླུ་རུ་ལེན་པ་ཡིན།</p>\n", "date_start": "2024-01-26T01:19:00Z", "language": [ "Amdo Group" ], "asset_subtype": "audio", "description": [ "false" ], "caption_lang_s": "Tibetan", "caption_alt_txt": [ "婚曲是指送别新娘时所唱的歌曲。\n", "This speech details the wedding songs which are sung when sending off the bride.\n" ], "caption_alt_lang_ss": [ "Chinese", "English" ], "summary_lang_s": "Tibetan", "summary_alt_txt": [ "<p>在送别新娘时,人们会唱很多与此情景相匹配的歌曲。比如,表达女子出嫁时悲伤心情的歌曲。其次,表达女子出嫁他人家的悲苦命运。最后,奉劝女子出嫁后学会与婆家人和谐相处等内容。</p>\n", "<p>Many songs will be sung for the occasion of seeing off the bride. A first kind are songs which express a woman's sadness when she gets married. A second category of songs are songs which express the miserable fate of a woman who marries out. Finally, this speech advises a new bride to learn to live in harmony with her husband’s family after marriage.</p>\n" ], "summary_alt_lang_ss": [ "Chinese", "English" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Creator" ], "contributor_ss": [ "ཀླུ་འབུམ་མཚོ།", "Drolma Tso" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Author", "Author" ], "url_thumb_width": "120", "url_thumb_height": "80", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 26231, "duration_i": 1111, "duration_s": "18 min 31 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Traditional Speeches from Amdo (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-39796" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-39796", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-39796" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Traditional Speeches from Amdo" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 39796 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "Marriage Songs", "creator_sort_s": "Tashi Gyel", "_version_": 1823055842567520300, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:14.414Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-1170", "places-1176" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-5978", "subjects-6132", "subjects-6308", "subjects-6172", "subjects-654" ], "header": "Marriage Songs", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "Marriage Songs", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/audio/marriage-songs?f=N4XyA" } }
I Thought My Parents Would Never Grow Old: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area audio-video-4125
Kelsang Kyi sings a song called "I Thought My Parents Would Never Grow Old"
This is a video of Kelsang Kyi from Nyinshuk Township in Chentsa singing a song called "I Thought My Parents Would Never Grow Old." This song is part of a collection of folk songs from the Rebgong cultural area.
- Related Places
- Tsekhok (places-1171)
- Related Subjects
- subjects-6132 (subjects-6132)
- Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections (subjects-6308)
- Music in Tibet (subjects-6121)
- Folk songs (glu) (subjects-6164)
- Tibetan (subjects-638)
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In the past every Doyab should wear this dress as there were no alternatives in the market, but today many youth seem to prefer to wear gho and kira. Therefore, people today tend to only wear Khasha during festivals and ritual events, which indicates that the tradition of wearing Khasha is on the verge of extinction. Inorder to wear Khasha, they need a peice of cloth--called Khasha--and a belt to then wrap around the body.<br />\n </p>\n" ], "description_alt_type_ss": [ "clip" ], "description_alt_lang_ss": [ "English" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Creator", "Creator", "Editor", "Editor" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Lhabey Doya" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Performer" ], "date_start": "2015-07-18T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 23921, "duration_i": 153, "duration_s": "2 min 33 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-3498", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 3498 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "An Account of Lhop's Khasha", "creator_sort_s": "Monika Subba", "_version_": 1823055842827567000, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:14.668Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-20682" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6184", "subjects-7669", "subjects-576" ], "header": "An Account of Lhop's Khasha", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "An Account of Lhop's Khasha", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/account-lhops-khasha?f=N4XyA" } }
Sharchok Riyi Tseley: A Song audio-video-3833
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false
- Related Places
- places-20010 (places-20010)
- Related Subjects
- Oral Traditions (subjects-6184)
- Old Bodra (subjects-7851)
- Dzongkha (subjects-676)
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 52.05 audio-video-37416
false
false
- Related Places
- Larung Gar (places-5224)
- Related Subjects
- Tibetan and Himalayan Collections (subjects-5954)
- subjects-1030 (subjects-1030)
- subjects-2624 (subjects-2624)
- subjects-1249 (subjects-1249)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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The Misty High Mountain: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area audio-video-4153
འདི་ནི་དམངས་ལ་ཤ་ཚ་ཞིང་སྙིང་ཉེ་བའི་དཔོན་བྱམས་སེམས་ཅན་ལ་བསྟོད་པའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།
གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དོན་གཙོ་བོ་ནི་རི་སྨུག་པ་ཅན་ལ་རི་དྭགས་འཁོར་ན་གཞི་བདག་འཁོར་བ་དང་མཚོ་རླངས་པ་ཅན་ལ་ཉ་སྲམ་འཁོར་ན་མཚོ་མོ་དགའ་བར་དཔེ་བྱས་ཏེ་དཔོན་པོ་བྱམས་སེམས་ཅན་ལ་མི་དམངས་འདུས་པ་དང་དེ་བས་དཔོན་པའི་ཡིད་སེམས་དགའ་བར་བརྗོད་པའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།
- Related Places
- Chentsa (places-1170)
- Related Subjects
- Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections (subjects-6308)
- Music in Tibet (subjects-6121)
- subjects-6132 (subjects-6132)
- Folk songs (glu) (subjects-6164)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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"འདི་ནི་དམངས་ལ་ཤ་ཚ་ཞིང་སྙིང་ཉེ་བའི་དཔོན་བྱམས་སེམས་ཅན་ལ་བསྟོད་པའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།\n", "descriptions": [ "འདི་ནི་དམངས་ལ་ཤ་ཚ་ཞིང་སྙིང་ཉེ་བའི་དཔོན་བྱམས་སེམས་ཅན་ལ་བསྟོད་པའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།\n", "<p>གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དོན་གཙོ་བོ་ནི་རི་སྨུག་པ་ཅན་ལ་རི་དྭགས་འཁོར་ན་གཞི་བདག་འཁོར་བ་དང་མཚོ་རླངས་པ་ཅན་ལ་ཉ་སྲམ་འཁོར་ན་མཚོ་མོ་དགའ་བར་དཔེ་བྱས་ཏེ་དཔོན་པོ་བྱམས་སེམས་ཅན་ལ་མི་དམངས་འདུས་པ་དང་དེ་བས་དཔོན་པའི་ཡིད་སེམས་དགའ་བར་བརྗོད་པའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།</p>\n", "false", "Tibetan", "Tibetan" ], "summary": "<p>གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དོན་གཙོ་བོ་ནི་རི་སྨུག་པ་ཅན་ལ་རི་དྭགས་འཁོར་ན་གཞི་བདག་འཁོར་བ་དང་མཚོ་རླངས་པ་ཅན་ལ་ཉ་སྲམ་འཁོར་ན་མཚོ་མོ་དགའ་བར་དཔེ་བྱས་ཏེ་དཔོན་པོ་བྱམས་སེམས་ཅན་ལ་མི་དམངས་འདུས་པ་དང་དེ་བས་དཔོན་པའི་ཡིད་སེམས་དགའ་བར་བརྗོད་པའི་གླུ་ཞིག་ཡིན།</p>\n", "language": [ "Amdo Group" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "false" ], "caption_lang_s": "Tibetan", "summary_lang_s": "Tibetan", "creator_role_ss": [ "Creator", "Director", "Director", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", 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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 23.21 audio-video-32056
false
false
- Related Places
- Larung Gar (places-5224)
- Related Subjects
- Tibetan and Himalayan Collections (subjects-5954)
- subjects-1251 (subjects-1251)
- subjects-5957 (subjects-5957)
- Commentary (subjects-493)
- subjects-4877 (subjects-4877)
- subjects-5257 (subjects-5257)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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The text's title in Tibetan is ཚད་མ་རིགས་གཏེར་མཆན་འགྲེལ།, written phonetically as tsé ma rik ter chen drel. <br />\n </p>\n" ], "summary": "false", "language": [ "Amdo Group" ], "asset_subtype": "audio", "description": [ "<p>This audio references the <em>Treasure on the Science of Valid Cognition</em>, a text by Sakya Pandita. 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The Big Mouthed Black Faced Ghost: A Folklore audio-video-33066
A folktale about ghosts and deception, and saving loved ones.
This video introduces a folktale called “The Big Mouthed Black Faced Ghost." In it, a man defeats the big mouthed black faced ghost, and welcomed a goddess as his bride. He disguised himself as a big mouthed black faced ghost and saved his brothers.
- Related Places
- Zangkar (places-15773)
- Related Subjects
- subjects-1378 (subjects-1378)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
{ "id": "33066", "ids": [ "33066", "audio-video-33066" ], "str": [ "33066", "audio-video-33066", "221", "The Big Mouthed Black Faced Ghost: A Folklore", "Ariana Maki", "Wende Khar", "Wende Khar", "Tsewang Dorji", "Tsehuajab Washul", "Tibetan and Himalayan Library", "A folktale about ghosts and deception, and saving loved ones.\n", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Executive Producer", "Executive Producer", "Producer", "Topdan", "The Big Mouthed Black Faced Ghost: A Folklore", "Wende Khar" ], "uid": "audio-video-33066", "node_user": "am5kh", "node_user_i": 221, "creators": [ "221", "Ariana Maki", "Wende Khar", "Wende Khar", "Tsewang Dorji", "Tsehuajab Washul", "Tibetan and Himalayan Library", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Executive Producer", "Executive Producer", "Producer", "Topdan", "Wende Khar" ], "node_lang": "Amdo Group", "node_created": "2019-04-02T20:29:45Z", "node_changed": "2020-07-29T14:49:43Z", "pogrified_s": "fields_module", "title": [ "The Big Mouthed Black Faced Ghost: A Folklore" ], "titles": [ "The Big Mouthed Black Faced Ghost: A Folklore", "A folktale about ghosts and deception, and saving loved ones.\n", "The Big Mouthed Black Faced Ghost: A Folklore" ], "service": "audio-video", "asset_type": "audio-video", "url_html": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/big-mouthed-black-faced-ghost-folklore", "url_ajax": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/services/node/ajax/33066", "url_json": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/api/v1/media/node/33066.json", "url_thumb": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/services/node/thumb/33066", "kmapid": [ "places-13735", "places-13740", "places-1", "places-428", "places-1063", "places-1078", "places-15773", "subjects-6403", "subjects-947", "subjects-1000", "subjects-1307", "subjects-1378", "subjects-301", "subjects-560", "subjects-586", "subjects-587", "subjects-593", "subjects-638", "subjects-654", "terms-109234" ], "kmapid_strict": [ "places-15773", "subjects-1378", "subjects-654", "terms-109234" ], "kmapid_strict_ss": [ "Zangkar", "Folklore", "Amdo Group", "གནའ་གཏམ" ], "kmapid_is": [ 1373501, 1374001, 101, 42801, 106301, 107801, 1577301, 1577301, 640302, 94702, 100002, 130702, 137802, 137802, 30102, 56002, 58602, 58702, 59302, 63802, 65402, 65402, 10923403 ], "kmapid_places_idfacet": [ "Zangkar|places-15773" ], "kmapid_subjects_idfacet": [ "Folklore|subjects-1378", "Amdo Group|subjects-654" ], "kmapid_terms_idfacet": [ "གནའ་གཏམ|terms-109234" ], "visibility_i": 1, "visibility_s": "public", "solrdoc_ts_i": 1706202993, "node_user_full_s": "Ariana Maki", "collection_title": "Traditional Education of Tibetan Children in Zangkar", "collection_nid": "25416", "creator": [ "Wende Khar", "Wende Khar", "Tsewang Dorji", "Tsehuajab Washul", "Tibetan and Himalayan Library" ], "caption": "A folktale about ghosts and deception, and saving loved ones.\n", "descriptions": [ "A folktale about ghosts and deception, and saving loved ones.\n", "<p>This video introduces a folktale called “The Big Mouthed Black Faced Ghost.\" In it, a man defeats the big mouthed black faced ghost, and welcomed a goddess as his bride. He disguised himself as a big mouthed black faced ghost and saved his brothers.</p>\n", "false", "English", "English", "གདོན་འདྲེ་དང་མགོ་སྐོར། གཉེན་ཉེ་སྐྱོབ་པ་སོགས་ཀྱི་གནའ་གཏམ་ཞིག\n", "这段视频介绍 《大脸鬼》的民间故事。\n", "Tibetan", "Chinese", "<p>གནའ་གཏམ་འདིར་མི་བུ་ཞིག་གིས་འདྲེ་ཁ་ཆེ་གདོང་ནག་ཅེས་པ་བཏུལ་ནས་ལྷ་མོ་ཞིག་ཆུང་མར་བླངས་པ་དང་། འདྲེ་ཁ་ཆེ་གདོང་ནག་གི་ལྤགས་གྱོན་ཏེ་རང་གི་སྤུན་གཉིས་སྐྱོབས་པ་བཤད་ཡོད།</p>\n", "<p>故事主要内容是一个人击败了大嘴黑脸鬼,迎来一个女神作为他的新娘。这后他伪装成大嘴黑脸鬼,并救了他的两个兄弟。</p>\n", "Tibetan", "Chinese" ], "summary": "<p>This video introduces a folktale called “The Big Mouthed Black Faced Ghost.\" In it, a man defeats the big mouthed black faced ghost, and welcomed a goddess as his bride. 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I Won't Forget My Lover audio-video-5135
false
false
- Related Places
- Tsekhok (places-1171)
- Related Subjects
- Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections (subjects-6308)
- subjects-6363 (subjects-6363)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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The Monkey Tree: A Song from Kheng audio-video-3805
false
false
- Related Places
- places-22105 (places-22105)
- Related Subjects
- Oral Traditions (subjects-6184)
- subjects-4019 (subjects-4019)
- subjects-645 (subjects-645)
{ "id": "3805", "ids": [ "3805", "audio-video-3805" ], "str": [ "3805", "audio-video-3805", "100", "The Monkey Tree: A Song from Kheng", "Rinchen Dorji", "Yeshi Wangchuk", "Dorji Nima", "Dr.karma phuntsho", "false", "Creator", "Creator", "Editor", "Bodpa", "Contributor", "The Monkey Tree: A Song from Kheng", "Yeshi Wangchuk" ], "uid": "audio-video-3805", "node_user": "rdorji", "node_user_i": 100, "creators": [ "100", "Rinchen Dorji", "Yeshi Wangchuk", "Dorji Nima", "Dr.karma phuntsho", "Creator", "Creator", "Editor", "Bodpa", "Contributor", "Yeshi Wangchuk" ], "node_lang": "Kheng", "node_created": "2015-08-27T05:07:08Z", "node_changed": "2019-04-09T14:05:55Z", "pogrified_s": "fields_module", "title": [ "The Monkey Tree: A Song from Kheng" ], "titles": [ "The Monkey Tree: A Song from Kheng", "false", "The Monkey Tree: A Song from Kheng" ], "service": "audio-video", "asset_type": "audio-video", "url_html": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/monkey-tree-song-kheng", "url_ajax": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/services/node/ajax/3805", "url_json": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/api/v1/media/node/3805.json", "url_thumb": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/services/node/thumb/3805", "kmapid": [ "places-13735", "places-13740", "places-427", "places-5470", "places-5583", "places-73195", "places-22105", "subjects-2823", "subjects-5954", "subjects-6184", "subjects-6403", "subjects-8260", "subjects-3793", "subjects-4018", "subjects-4019", "subjects-301", "subjects-560", "subjects-586", "subjects-587", "subjects-593", "subjects-645" ], "kmapid_strict": [ "places-22105", "subjects-6184", "subjects-4019", "subjects-645" ], "kmapid_strict_ss": [ "Ngangla Tong", "Ngangla Tong", "Oral Traditions", "Folk Song", "Kheng" ], "kmapid_is": [ 1373501, 1374001, 42701, 547001, 558301, 7319501, 2210501, 2210501, 1373501, 1374001, 42701, 547001, 558301, 7319501, 2210501, 2210501, 282302, 595402, 618402, 618402, 640302, 826002, 379302, 401802, 401902, 401902, 30102, 56002, 58602, 58702, 59302, 64502, 64502 ], "kmapid_places_idfacet": [ "Ngangla Tong|places-22105" ], "kmapid_subjects_idfacet": [ "Oral Traditions|subjects-6184", "Folk Song|subjects-4019", "Kheng|subjects-645" ], "visibility_i": 1, "visibility_s": "public", "solrdoc_ts_i": 1706203285, "node_user_full_s": "Rinchen Dorji", "collection_title": "Oral Cultures of Bhutan", "collection_nid": "3498", "creator": [ "Yeshi Wangchuk", "Dorji Nima", "Dr.karma phuntsho" ], "caption": "false", "descriptions": [ "false", "false", "<p>༉ གླུ་གཞས་ ཤིང་མོ་སྤྲ་ལ་ཤིང་མོ་འདི་ ག་གིས་བརྩམས་བཞག་བཞགཔ་ཨིན་ན་མ་ཤེས་རུང་ གླུ་གཞས་ཀྱི་ཚིག་འདི་ ཧེ་མ་ལས་རང་དེ་སྦེ་ བརྩམས་བཞག་ནུག་ ཟེར་ཨིན་པས། དེ་མ་ཚད་ གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ ད་ལྟོ་དེ་སྦེ་འཐེན་མི་ཡང་ ལེ་ཤ་ཅིག་མིན་འདུག་ཟེར་ཨིན་པས། ག་དེ་སྦེ་ར་ཨིན་རུང་ གླུ་གཞས་ཀྱི་ཚིག་འདི་ལུ་ལྟ་བ་ཅིན་ གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ ཁེངས་ངང་ལ་གི་ནང་འཁོད་ལས་རང་ བྱུང་བྱུངམ་བཟུམ་ཅིག་སྦེ་ཚོརཝ་མས་ དེ་ཡང་ དང་པ་ལུ་གླུ་གཞས་ཀྱི་ཚིག་འདི་ ཁེངས་ངང་ལ་པའི་ཁ་ནང་ཨིན་པའི་གུ་ སྒྲ་གདངས་ཡང་ ངང་ལ་པའི་སྒྲ་གདངས་ནང་སྦེ་རང་གོ་དོ་ཡོདཔ་མས། ཨཔ་བཱོད་པ་ཁོ་ར་གིས་ཡང་ ཕམ་ཚུ་གིས་འཐེན་པའི་སྐབས་ ཉན་བཞག་སྟེ་ ཤེས་ཤེསཔ་ཨིན་ཟེར་ཨིན་པས།<br />\n </p>\n" ], "summary": "false", "language": [ "Kheng" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "<p>༉ གླུ་གཞས་ ཤིང་མོ་སྤྲ་ལ་ཤིང་མོ་འདི་ ག་གིས་བརྩམས་བཞག་བཞགཔ་ཨིན་ན་མ་ཤེས་རུང་ གླུ་གཞས་ཀྱི་ཚིག་འདི་ ཧེ་མ་ལས་རང་དེ་སྦེ་ བརྩམས་བཞག་ནུག་ ཟེར་ཨིན་པས། དེ་མ་ཚད་ གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ ད་ལྟོ་དེ་སྦེ་འཐེན་མི་ཡང་ ལེ་ཤ་ཅིག་མིན་འདུག་ཟེར་ཨིན་པས། ག་དེ་སྦེ་ར་ཨིན་རུང་ གླུ་གཞས་ཀྱི་ཚིག་འདི་ལུ་ལྟ་བ་ཅིན་ གླུ་གཞས་འདི་ ཁེངས་ངང་ལ་གི་ནང་འཁོད་ལས་རང་ བྱུང་བྱུངམ་བཟུམ་ཅིག་སྦེ་ཚོརཝ་མས་ དེ་ཡང་ དང་པ་ལུ་གླུ་གཞས་ཀྱི་ཚིག་འདི་ ཁེངས་ངང་ལ་པའི་ཁ་ནང་ཨིན་པའི་གུ་ སྒྲ་གདངས་ཡང་ ངང་ལ་པའི་སྒྲ་གདངས་ནང་སྦེ་རང་གོ་དོ་ཡོདཔ་མས། ཨཔ་བཱོད་པ་ཁོ་ར་གིས་ཡང་ ཕམ་ཚུ་གིས་འཐེན་པའི་སྐབས་ ཉན་བཞག་སྟེ་ ཤེས་ཤེསཔ་ཨིན་ཟེར་ཨིན་པས།<br />\n </p>\n" ], "description_type_s": "clip", "description_lang_s": "Dzongkha", "description_alt_txt": [ "<p>Bodpa from Tungkudenpa in Zhemgang sings a song called “Shingmo Prala Shingmo,” which means \"The Monkey Tree.\" This is a local song from Kheng that is not often heard in other areas of the country. The lyrics are in Khengkha language intermixed with some Dzongkha words. The song describes the landscape of the Kheng region, which is known for its rich flora and fauna, and its rugged terrain. In Kheng, says the song, monkeys cannot climb “monkey trees” or the steep white cliffs, while white langurs can climb trees, and antelopes can traverse steep cliffs. The waters of Kheng are depicted as being like an ocean that is hard for humans, but easy for the “great mother” to cross.</p>\n" ], "description_alt_type_ss": [ "clip" ], "description_alt_lang_ss": [ "English" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Creator", "Creator", "Editor" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Bodpa" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Contributor" ], "date_start": "2015-05-16T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 16756, "duration_i": 87, "duration_s": "1 min 27 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-3498", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-3498" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Oral Cultures of Bhutan" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 3498 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "The Monkey Tree: A Song from Kheng", "creator_sort_s": "Yeshi Wangchuk", "_version_": 1823055843167305700, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:14.989Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-22105" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6184", "subjects-4019", "subjects-645" ], "header": "The Monkey Tree: A Song from Kheng", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "The Monkey Tree: A Song from Kheng", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/monkey-tree-song-kheng?f=N4XyA" } }
Selling Horses up on the Mountain: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area audio-video-3966
Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa sings a song called "Selling Horses up on the Mountain"
གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དོན་ནི་བོད་ཁུལ་གྱི་ཚོང་ལས་དང་འབྲེལ་ཆེ། དང་པོ་ཕ་ཨ་ཁུའི་ཆེད་ལ་རྟ་ཉོས་པ་དང་། ཡུལ་ཕ་མའི་ཆེད་ལ་ཇ་ཉོས་པ། ཡང་མ་སྲི་མོའི་ཆེད་ལ་གཡུ་བྱུར་ཉོས་ཚུལ་བརྗོད་ཡོད། འདི་ལས་སྔོན་གྱི་ཚོང་ཟོག་གལ་ཆེན་ཅི་ཡིན་པ་ཡང་ཞོར་ནས་རྟོགས་ཐུབ།
- Related Places
- Chentsa (places-1170)
- Related Subjects
- Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections (subjects-6308)
- subjects-6132 (subjects-6132)
- Music in Tibet (subjects-6121)
- Folk songs (glu) (subjects-6164)
- Tibetan (subjects-638)
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"བདུད་འདུལ་རྡོ་རྗེ།", "邓德多杰", "ཚེ་བརྟན་རྒྱལ།", "才旦加", "ཡི་དམ་ཚེ་རིང་།", "叶旦才让", "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Editor", "Tsethar Bum", "Performer", "Tibetan & Himalayan Library" ], "node_lang": "Tibetan", "node_created": "2015-12-30T04:20:17Z", "node_changed": "2019-05-29T15:10:49Z", "pogrified_s": "fields_module", "title": [ "Selling Horses up on the Mountain: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area" ], "titles": [ "Selling Horses up on the Mountain: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area", "Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa sings a song called \"Selling Horses up on the Mountain\"\n", "Selling Horses up on the Mountain: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area" ], "service": "audio-video", "asset_type": "audio-video", "url_html": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/selling-horses-mountain-folk-songs-rebgong-cultural-area", "url_ajax": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/services/node/ajax/3966", "url_json": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/api/v1/media/node/3966.json", "url_thumb": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/services/node/thumb/3966", "kmapid": [ "places-13735", "places-13740", "places-1", "places-431", "places-1168", "places-1170", "subjects-2823", "subjects-6308", "subjects-5954", "subjects-6121", "subjects-6132", "subjects-6158", "subjects-6164", "subjects-301", "subjects-560", "subjects-586", "subjects-587", "subjects-593", "subjects-638" ], "kmapid_strict": [ "places-1170", "subjects-6308", "subjects-6132", "subjects-6121", "subjects-6164", "subjects-638" ], "kmapid_strict_ss": [ "Chentsa", "Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections", "Music of Amdo", "Music in Tibet", "Folk songs (glu)", "Tibetan" ], "kmapid_is": [ 1373501, 1374001, 101, 43101, 116801, 117001, 117001, 282302, 630802, 630802, 282302, 595402, 612102, 613202, 613202, 282302, 595402, 612102, 612102, 282302, 595402, 612102, 615802, 616402, 616402, 30102, 56002, 58602, 58702, 59302, 63802, 63802 ], "kmapid_places_idfacet": [ "Chentsa|places-1170" ], "kmapid_subjects_idfacet": [ "Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections|subjects-6308", "Music of Amdo|subjects-6132", "Music in Tibet|subjects-6121", "Folk songs (glu)|subjects-6164", "Tibetan|subjects-638" ], "visibility_i": 1, "visibility_s": "public", "solrdoc_ts_i": 1706203271, "node_user_full_s": "Bradley Aaron", "collection_title": "Repgong Folk Songs Project", "collection_nid": "3939", "creator": [ "Tibetan & Himalayan Library", "Dudul Dorjee", "Dudul Dorjee", "Tsedan Gyal", "Yidam Tsering", "བདུད་འདུལ་རྡོ་རྗེ།", "邓德多杰", "ཚེ་བརྟན་རྒྱལ།", "才旦加", "ཡི་དམ་ཚེ་རིང་།", "叶旦才让" ], "caption": "Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa sings a song called \"Selling Horses up on the Mountain\"\n", "descriptions": [ "Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa sings a song called \"Selling Horses up on the Mountain\"\n", "<p>གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དོན་ནི་བོད་ཁུལ་གྱི་ཚོང་ལས་དང་འབྲེལ་ཆེ། དང་པོ་ཕ་ཨ་ཁུའི་ཆེད་ལ་རྟ་ཉོས་པ་དང་། ཡུལ་ཕ་མའི་ཆེད་ལ་ཇ་ཉོས་པ། ཡང་མ་སྲི་མོའི་ཆེད་ལ་གཡུ་བྱུར་ཉོས་ཚུལ་བརྗོད་ཡོད། འདི་ལས་སྔོན་གྱི་ཚོང་ཟོག་གལ་ཆེན་ཅི་ཡིན་པ་ཡང་ཞོར་ནས་རྟོགས་ཐུབ།</p>\n", "<p>This is a video of Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa singing a song called \"Selling Horses up on the Mountain.\" This song is part of a collection of folk songs from the Rebgong cultural area.</p>\n", "English", "འདི་ནི་ཚོང་དང་འབྲེལ་བ་ཡོད་པའི་དམངས་གླུ་ཞིག་སྟེ། ནང་དུ་རྟ་དང་ཇ། གཡུ་སོགས་ཉོས་ཚུལ་བརྗོད་ཡོད།\n", "Tibetan", "Tibetan" ], "summary": "<p>གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དོན་ནི་བོད་ཁུལ་གྱི་ཚོང་ལས་དང་འབྲེལ་ཆེ། དང་པོ་ཕ་ཨ་ཁུའི་ཆེད་ལ་རྟ་ཉོས་པ་དང་། ཡུལ་ཕ་མའི་ཆེད་ལ་ཇ་ཉོས་པ། ཡང་མ་སྲི་མོའི་ཆེད་ལ་གཡུ་བྱུར་ཉོས་ཚུལ་བརྗོད་ཡོད། འདི་ལས་སྔོན་གྱི་ཚོང་ཟོག་གལ་ཆེན་ཅི་ཡིན་པ་ཡང་ཞོར་ནས་རྟོགས་ཐུབ།</p>\n", "language": [ "Tibetan" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "<p>This is a video of Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa singing a song called \"Selling Horses up on the Mountain.\" This song is part of a collection of folk songs from the Rebgong cultural area.</p>\n" ], "description_type_s": "song", "description_lang_s": "English", "caption_lang_s": "English", "caption_alt_txt": [ "འདི་ནི་ཚོང་དང་འབྲེལ་བ་ཡོད་པའི་དམངས་གླུ་ཞིག་སྟེ། ནང་དུ་རྟ་དང་ཇ། གཡུ་སོགས་ཉོས་ཚུལ་བརྗོད་ཡོད།\n" ], "caption_alt_lang_ss": [ "Tibetan" ], "summary_lang_s": "Tibetan", "creator_role_ss": [ "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Editor" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Tsethar Bum" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Performer" ], "date_start": "2015-11-08T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 3270, "duration_i": 141, "duration_s": "2 min 21 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Repgong Folk Songs Project (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3939" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-3939", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-3939" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Repgong Folk Songs Project" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 3939 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "Selling Horses up on the Mountain: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area", "creator_sort_s": "Tibetan & Himalayan Library", "_version_": 1823055843169403000, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:14.989Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-1170" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6308", "subjects-6132", "subjects-6121", "subjects-6164", "subjects-638" ], "header": "Selling Horses up on the Mountain: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "Selling Horses up on the Mountain: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/selling-horses-mountain-folk-songs-rebgong-cultural-area?f=N4XyA" } }
Playing Hound and King Chess: A Traditional Game audio-video-33176
An introduction to how to play King and Hound chess.
This video demonstrates how to play the Hound and the King, shows the different variations for drawing the king, and how the hound chases.
- Related Places
- Zangkar (places-15773)
- Related Subjects
- subjects-6318 (subjects-6318)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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角棋和王棋的游戏和游戏玩法, 并解释角棋和王棋的不同步法以及策略。</p>\n", "Tibetan", "Chinese" ], "summary": "<p>This video demonstrates how to play the Hound and the King, shows the different variations for drawing the king, and how the hound chases.</p>\n", "language": [ "Amdo Group" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "false" ], "caption_lang_s": "English", "summary_lang_s": "English", "caption_alt_txt": [ "བོད་ཀྱི་མིག་མངས་འགྲིག་ལས་ཤྭ་ཁྱི་དང་རྒྱལ་པོ་རྩེད་སྟངས་ཀྱི་ངོ་སྤྲོད།\n", "介绍藏棋文化的角棋和王棋的玩法。\n" ], "caption_alt_lang_ss": [ "Tibetan", "Chinese" ], "summary_alt_txt": [ "<p>བརྙན་འདིར་ཤྭ་ཁྱི་དང་རྒྱལ་པོ་མགོ་གཅིག རྒྱལ་པོ་མགོ་གཉིས་སོགས་གསལ་བཤད་བྱས་ལ། བྱེ་བྲག་ཏུ་རྒྱལ་པོ་མགོ་གཅིག་གི་རིས་དབྱིབས་འབྲི་ཚུལ་དང་ཤྭ་ཁྱི་ཇི་ལྟར་འདེད་ཚུལ་དཔེ་སྟོན་བྱས་ཡོད།</p>\n", "<p>这段视频介绍藏族传统游戏 - 角棋和王棋的游戏和游戏玩法, 并解释角棋和王棋的不同步法以及策略。</p>\n" ], "summary_alt_lang_ss": [ "Tibetan", "Chinese" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Executive Producer", "Executive Producer", "Producer" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Loshe" ], "date_start": "2018-07-11T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 24386, "duration_i": 317, "duration_s": "5 min 17 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Traditional Education of Tibetan Children in Zangkar (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-25416" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-25416", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-25416" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Traditional Education of Tibetan Children in Zangkar" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 25416 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "Playing Hound and King Chess: A Traditional Game", "creator_sort_s": "Wende Khar", "_version_": 1823055843173597200, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:14.989Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-15773" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6318", "subjects-654" ], "header": "Playing Hound and King Chess: A Traditional Game", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "Playing Hound and King Chess: A Traditional Game", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/playing-hound-and-king-chess-traditional-game?f=N4XyA" } }
བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 13.07 audio-video-30401
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- Related Places
- Larung Gar (places-5224)
- Related Subjects
- Tibetan and Himalayan Collections (subjects-5954)
- subjects-4868 (subjects-4868)
- subjects-4294 (subjects-4294)
- subjects-9335 (subjects-9335)
- subjects-1423 (subjects-1423)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 36.22 audio-video-34881
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- Related Places
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- Related Subjects
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The White Ivory Bracelet audio-video-4733
བརྩེ་དུང་སྐོར།
false
- Related Places
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- Related Subjects
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The Peacook You Come audio-video-4761
རིགས་གཞན།
false
- Related Places
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- Kakhok (places-1078)
- Related Subjects
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 20.15 audio-video-31521
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- Related Places
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སློག་པ་བཟོ་སྟངས། audio-video-39766
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Purang Royal Songs Tape 14 audio-video-680
Full tape.
- Related Places
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- Related Subjects
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- subjects-6214 (subjects-6214)
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- subjects-6213 (subjects-6213)
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Manners for Serving and Eating Food audio-video-4207
false
false
- Related Places
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- Related Subjects
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- subjects-8210 (subjects-8210)
- subjects-8218 (subjects-8218)
- Bhutan Cultural Library (subjects-8260)
- Dzongkha (subjects-676)
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 32.08 audio-video-34191
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- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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A Manange man describes history of Braka gumba audio-video-3723
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A Collection Of Proverbs from Sertar -15 audio-video-4871
A nomadic proverb from Sertar, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan
false
- Related Places
- Sertar (places-1093)
- Related Subjects
- subjects-171 (subjects-171)
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The Riddle of the Caterpillar Fungus audio-video-9211
这则谜语描述了生长在青藏高原上的奇特的植物。
མགོ་ན་རྭ་ཅོ་སྐྱེས་ཡོད་མོད། ལུས་པོ་འབུ་དང་ཆ་འདྲ་བ། དེའི་མི་ཚད་རིན་གོང་གསེར་ལས་ཀྱང་ལྷག་ཅེས་པ་སྟེ་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུའི་ཕྱིའི་རྣམ་པ་དང་རིན་ཐང་གཉིས་གབ་པར་བྱས་ནས་མཚོན་དུ་བཅུག་ཡོད།
- Related Places
- Chentsa (places-1170)
- Related Subjects
- Oral Traditions (subjects-6184)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
{ "id": "9211", "ids": [ "9211", "audio-video-9211" ], "str": [ "9211", "audio-video-9211", "17", "The Riddle of the Caterpillar Fungus", "Bradley Aaron", "Tibetan & Himalayan Library", "Dorjee Dondrup", "Wanggyal Dondrup", "Dorjee Dondrup", "Talo Gyal", "Dorjee Dondrup", "Wanggyal Dondrup", "雪域图书馆", "多杰当知", "项杰东智", "多杰当知", "达洛加", "多杰当知", "项杰东智", "这则谜语描述了生长在青藏高原上的奇特的植物。\n", "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Editor", "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Editor", "Lobsang Dondrub", "罗桑东智", "Kristin Buhrow", "Performer", "Performer", "Translator", "The Riddle of the Caterpillar Fungus", "Tibetan & Himalayan Library" ], "uid": "audio-video-9211", "node_user": "ba5v", "node_user_i": 17, "creators": [ "17", "Bradley Aaron", "Tibetan & Himalayan Library", "Dorjee Dondrup", "Wanggyal Dondrup", "Dorjee Dondrup", "Talo Gyal", "Dorjee Dondrup", "Wanggyal Dondrup", "雪域图书馆", "多杰当知", "项杰东智", "多杰当知", "达洛加", "多杰当知", "项杰东智", "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Editor", "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Editor", "Lobsang Dondrub", "罗桑东智", "Kristin Buhrow", "Performer", "Performer", "Translator", "Tibetan & Himalayan Library" ], "node_lang": "Amdo group", "node_created": "2016-12-08T18:22:06Z", "node_changed": "2020-07-16T16:44:39Z", "pogrified_s": "fields_module", "title": [ "The Riddle of the Caterpillar Fungus" ], "titles": [ "The Riddle of the Caterpillar Fungus", "这则谜语描述了生长在青藏高原上的奇特的植物。\n", "The Riddle of the Caterpillar Fungus" ], "service": "audio-video", "asset_type": "audio-video", "url_html": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/riddle-caterpillar-fungus", "url_ajax": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/services/node/ajax/9211", "url_json": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/api/v1/media/node/9211.json", "url_thumb": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/services/node/thumb/9211", "kmapid": [ "places-13735", "places-13740", "places-1", "places-431", "places-1168", "places-1170", "subjects-2823", "subjects-5954", "subjects-6184", "subjects-301", "subjects-560", "subjects-586", "subjects-587", "subjects-593", "subjects-638", "subjects-654", "terms-137879" ], "kmapid_strict": [ "places-1170", "subjects-6184", "subjects-654", "terms-137879" ], "kmapid_strict_ss": [ "Chentsa", "Oral Traditions", "Amdo group", "དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ" ], "kmapid_is": [ 1373501, 1374001, 101, 43101, 116801, 117001, 117001, 282302, 595402, 618402, 618402, 30102, 56002, 58602, 58702, 59302, 63802, 65402, 65402, 13787903 ], "kmapid_places_idfacet": [ "Chentsa|places-1170" ], "kmapid_subjects_idfacet": [ "Oral Traditions|subjects-6184", "Amdo group|subjects-654" ], "kmapid_terms_idfacet": [ "དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ|terms-137879" ], "visibility_i": 1, "visibility_s": "public", "solrdoc_ts_i": 1706203189, "node_user_full_s": "Bradley Aaron", "collection_title": "Riddles of Bayan and Chentsa", "collection_nid": "7971", "creator": [ "Tibetan & Himalayan Library", "Dorjee Dondrup", "Wanggyal Dondrup", "Dorjee Dondrup", "Talo Gyal", "Dorjee Dondrup", "Wanggyal Dondrup", "雪域图书馆", "多杰当知", "项杰东智", "多杰当知", "达洛加", "多杰当知", "项杰东智" ], "caption": "这则谜语描述了生长在青藏高原上的奇特的植物。\n", "descriptions": [ "这则谜语描述了生长在青藏高原上的奇特的植物。\n", "<p>མགོ་ན་རྭ་ཅོ་སྐྱེས་ཡོད་མོད། ལུས་པོ་འབུ་དང་ཆ་འདྲ་བ། དེའི་མི་ཚད་རིན་གོང་གསེར་ལས་ཀྱང་ལྷག་ཅེས་པ་སྟེ་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུའི་ཕྱིའི་རྣམ་པ་དང་རིན་ཐང་གཉིས་གབ་པར་བྱས་ནས་མཚོན་དུ་བཅུག་ཡོད།</p>\n", "<p>དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུའི་ཐོན་ཁུངས་གཙོ་བོ་ནི་བོད་ཀྱི་ས་ཆ་སྟེ་མདོ་དབུས་མཐོ་སྒང་ཡིན་པ་དང་། ནད་རིགས་སྣ་མང་གི་གསོ་བྱེད་དང་རིམས་ནད་འགོག་བཅོས་སུ་ཕན་པའི་རྩྭ་སྨན་ཞིག་ཡིན། ངོ་མཚར་བ་ནི་ལོ་རེའི་ཟླ་གསུམ་པ་དང་བཞི་བ་ནས་བཟུང་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ་ནི་ས་མཐོ་ས་ནས་སྐྱེས་འགོ་ཚུགས་པ་དང་། དཔྱིད་ཀའི་རྗེས་ནས་མཐོང་མེད་དུ་གྱུར་འགྲོ དེའི་ལུས་ནི་འབུ་དང་འདྲ་ལ་གཙུག་ན་རྩྭ་མྱུག་ལྟ་བུ་ཞིག་འབུས་ཡོད། བཤད་རྒྱུན་ལ་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ་ནི་དབྱར་ཁར་རྩྭ་ཡིན་པ་དང་དགུན་དུས་སུ་ཀླད་གཙུག་གི་མྱུ་གུ་དོར་ནས་འབུ་རུ་འགྱུར་བ་ཡིན་ཟེར། དེ་བས་གབ་ཚིག་ཏུ་ཡང་མགོ་རྩྭ་ཅན་དང་ལུས་འབུ་ཅན་ཞེས་བརྗོད་པ་རེད། ཉེ་བའི་ལོ་ཤས་ནས་བཟུང་ཚོང་རའི་འགྲོས་དང་བསྟུན་ནས་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུའི་གོང་འཕར་བ་དང་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུའི་རྩྭ་ས་ཉོ་བ་དང་བརྐོ་བ། ཉོ་བ། བཙོང་པ་སོགས་ཀྱི་ཚོང་ལས་སྣ་མང་གཉེར་བ་དང་། མི་རྣམས་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ་ལ་བརྟེན་ནས་ཕྱུག་པོ་ལྟ་བུར་ཆགས་འདུག དེ་བས་གབ་ཚིག་ལས་གོང་གསེར་ཅན་ཞེས་བརྗོད་པ་རེད།</p>\n", "Tibetan", "Chinese", "<p>这则谜语描述的是藏区独有的冬虫夏草。冬虫夏草生长于青藏高原上,简称“虫草”。冬虫夏草是虫和草结合在一起长得一种奇特的生物,冬天是虫子,夏天从虫子里长出草来,具有很高的营养价值,还可以调节肝脏功能、增强抗病毒能力、抗肿瘤、抗疲劳等。近年来,随着商业经济的发展,冬虫夏草的商业价值得到了很大的提高,以虫草为成分的商品也逐渐增多,靠虫草发家致富的家庭在藏区也是比比皆是。</p>\n", "<p>This riddle describes a parasitic fungus called cordyceps or caterpillar fungus. In winter, caterpillars in Tibet live normally. In summer, a fungus can enter and grow inside their bodies, resulting in a sprout of grass bursting from their heads. Simultaneously plant and insect, these caterpillars are highly valued for their medicinal benefits including regulating liver function, boosting immunity, suppressing abnormal tissue growth, and more. As such, these caterpillars have a high and rising market value. Only found on the plateau, cordyceps have become an important source of income for many nomadic families. In this riddle, the horn mentioned is the sprout issuing from the cordyceps’ head, and its price is high, like gold.</p>\n", "Chinese", "English", "This riddle describes an unusual medicinal plant which only grows on the high plateau.\n", "English" ], "summary": "<p>མགོ་ན་རྭ་ཅོ་སྐྱེས་ཡོད་མོད། ལུས་པོ་འབུ་དང་ཆ་འདྲ་བ། དེའི་མི་ཚད་རིན་གོང་གསེར་ལས་ཀྱང་ལྷག་ཅེས་པ་སྟེ་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུའི་ཕྱིའི་རྣམ་པ་དང་རིན་ཐང་གཉིས་གབ་པར་བྱས་ནས་མཚོན་དུ་བཅུག་ཡོད།</p>\n", "language": [ "Amdo group" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "<p>དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུའི་ཐོན་ཁུངས་གཙོ་བོ་ནི་བོད་ཀྱི་ས་ཆ་སྟེ་མདོ་དབུས་མཐོ་སྒང་ཡིན་པ་དང་། ནད་རིགས་སྣ་མང་གི་གསོ་བྱེད་དང་རིམས་ནད་འགོག་བཅོས་སུ་ཕན་པའི་རྩྭ་སྨན་ཞིག་ཡིན། ངོ་མཚར་བ་ནི་ལོ་རེའི་ཟླ་གསུམ་པ་དང་བཞི་བ་ནས་བཟུང་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ་ནི་ས་མཐོ་ས་ནས་སྐྱེས་འགོ་ཚུགས་པ་དང་། དཔྱིད་ཀའི་རྗེས་ནས་མཐོང་མེད་དུ་གྱུར་འགྲོ དེའི་ལུས་ནི་འབུ་དང་འདྲ་ལ་གཙུག་ན་རྩྭ་མྱུག་ལྟ་བུ་ཞིག་འབུས་ཡོད། བཤད་རྒྱུན་ལ་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ་ནི་དབྱར་ཁར་རྩྭ་ཡིན་པ་དང་དགུན་དུས་སུ་ཀླད་གཙུག་གི་མྱུ་གུ་དོར་ནས་འབུ་རུ་འགྱུར་བ་ཡིན་ཟེར། དེ་བས་གབ་ཚིག་ཏུ་ཡང་མགོ་རྩྭ་ཅན་དང་ལུས་འབུ་ཅན་ཞེས་བརྗོད་པ་རེད། ཉེ་བའི་ལོ་ཤས་ནས་བཟུང་ཚོང་རའི་འགྲོས་དང་བསྟུན་ནས་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུའི་གོང་འཕར་བ་དང་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུའི་རྩྭ་ས་ཉོ་བ་དང་བརྐོ་བ། ཉོ་བ། བཙོང་པ་སོགས་ཀྱི་ཚོང་ལས་སྣ་མང་གཉེར་བ་དང་། མི་རྣམས་དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ་ལ་བརྟེན་ནས་ཕྱུག་པོ་ལྟ་བུར་ཆགས་འདུག དེ་བས་གབ་ཚིག་ལས་གོང་གསེར་ཅན་ཞེས་བརྗོད་པ་རེད།</p>\n" ], "summary_lang_s": "Tibetan", "description_type_s": "other", "description_lang_s": "Tibetan", "caption_lang_s": "Chinese", "summary_alt_txt": [ "<p>这则谜语描述的是藏区独有的冬虫夏草。冬虫夏草生长于青藏高原上,简称“虫草”。冬虫夏草是虫和草结合在一起长得一种奇特的生物,冬天是虫子,夏天从虫子里长出草来,具有很高的营养价值,还可以调节肝脏功能、增强抗病毒能力、抗肿瘤、抗疲劳等。近年来,随着商业经济的发展,冬虫夏草的商业价值得到了很大的提高,以虫草为成分的商品也逐渐增多,靠虫草发家致富的家庭在藏区也是比比皆是。</p>\n", "<p>This riddle describes a parasitic fungus called cordyceps or caterpillar fungus. In winter, caterpillars in Tibet live normally. In summer, a fungus can enter and grow inside their bodies, resulting in a sprout of grass bursting from their heads. Simultaneously plant and insect, these caterpillars are highly valued for their medicinal benefits including regulating liver function, boosting immunity, suppressing abnormal tissue growth, and more. As such, these caterpillars have a high and rising market value. Only found on the plateau, cordyceps have become an important source of income for many nomadic families. In this riddle, the horn mentioned is the sprout issuing from the cordyceps’ head, and its price is high, like gold.</p>\n" ], "summary_alt_lang_ss": [ "Chinese", "English" ], "caption_alt_txt": [ "This riddle describes an unusual medicinal plant which only grows on the high plateau.\n" ], "caption_alt_lang_ss": [ "English" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Editor", "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Editor" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Lobsang Dondrub", "罗桑东智", "Kristin Buhrow" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Performer", "Performer", "Translator" ], "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 24951, "duration_i": 60, "duration_s": "60 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Riddles of Bayan and Chentsa (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-7971" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-7971", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-7971" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Riddles of Bayan and Chentsa" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 7971 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "The Riddle of the Caterpillar Fungus", "creator_sort_s": "Tibetan & Himalayan Library", "date_start": "0000-01-01T00:00:00Z", "_version_": 1823055846144213000, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:52:17.820Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-1170" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6184", "subjects-654" ], "header": "The Riddle of the Caterpillar Fungus", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "The Riddle of the Caterpillar Fungus", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/riddle-caterpillar-fungus?f=N4XyA" } }
Wu_Michelle_Cardiomyocyte Regeneration audio-video-42079
This video explains Michelle Wu's technical project on creating a computational model to understand cardiomyocyte regeneration.
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I Cannot Forget My Beloved audio-video-5163
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བླ་རུང་ཟེར་སྡེར་མུན་སེལ་སྒྲོན་མེ། DVD: 31.17 audio-video-34081
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Empowering the Medicine: Burnt Offering audio-video-460
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A Gurung Man Describes the History and Traditions of his Village audio-video-3641
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I Won't Regret Being with You audio-video-5273
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The Sun Rises above the Mountain Pass: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area audio-video-3943
Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa sings a song called "The Sun Rises Above the Mountain Pass"
གླུ་འདིས་བོད་མིའི་རིན་ཐང་ལྟ་ཚུལ་དང་དྲིན་གཟོའི་བསམ་བློ་མངོན་ཡོད་པ་དང་། ཐོག་མར་རང་ལ་ཐར་བ་དང་ཐམས་ཅད་མཁྱེན་པའི་ལམ་སྟོན་མཁན་གྱི་བླ་མར་བསྟོད་ཡོད་པ་དང་། བར་དུ་མི་ལུས་རིན་ཆེན་གནང་བའི་དྲིན་ཅན་ཕ་མ་གཉིས། ཐ་མར་རང་གི་ཆུང་སྐྱེས་ཆུང་འགྲོགས་ཁ་ཡ་ན་ཟླ་ཚོར་བསྟོད་པ་བྱས་ཡོད། བོད་མི་ཞིག་ལ་མཚོན་ན་འཇིག་རྟེན་འདིར་རང་ལ་དྲིན་ཆེ་བ་བླ་མ་དང་ཕ་མ། ཕུ་ནུ་སྤུན་ཟླར་དྲིན་གཟོོ་བྱེད་རྒྱུ་ནི་མི་ཚེའི་རིན་ཐང་ལྟ་ཚུལ་གལ་ཆེན་ཞིག་ཡིན།
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"བདུད་འདུལ་རྡོ་རྗེ། ", "邓德多杰", "ཚེ་བརྟན་རྒྱལ།", "才旦加", "ཡི་དམ་ཚེ་རིང་།", "叶旦才让", "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Editor", "Tsethar Bum", "Performer", "Tibetan & Himalayan Library" ], "node_lang": "Tibetan", "node_created": "2015-12-30T03:25:51Z", "node_changed": "2019-05-26T15:11:50Z", "pogrified_s": "fields_module", "title": [ "The Sun Rises above the Mountain Pass: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area" ], "titles": [ "The Sun Rises above the Mountain Pass: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area", "Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa sings a song called \"The Sun Rises Above the Mountain Pass\"\n", "The Sun Rises above the Mountain Pass: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area" ], "service": "audio-video", "asset_type": "audio-video", "url_html": 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117001, 282302, 630802, 630802, 282302, 595402, 612102, 612102, 282302, 595402, 612102, 613202, 613202, 282302, 595402, 612102, 615802, 616402, 616402, 30102, 56002, 58602, 58702, 59302, 63802, 63802 ], "kmapid_places_idfacet": [ "Chentsa|places-1170" ], "kmapid_subjects_idfacet": [ "Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections|subjects-6308", "Music in Tibet|subjects-6121", "Music of Amdo|subjects-6132", "Folk songs (glu)|subjects-6164", "Tibetan|subjects-638" ], "visibility_i": 1, "visibility_s": "public", "solrdoc_ts_i": 1706203271, "node_user_full_s": "Bradley Aaron", "collection_title": "Repgong Folk Songs Project", "collection_nid": "3939", "creator": [ "Tibetan & Himalayan Library", "Dudul Dorjee", "Dudul Dorjee", "Tsedan Gyal", "Yidam Tsering", "བདུད་འདུལ་རྡོ་རྗེ། ", "邓德多杰", "ཚེ་བརྟན་རྒྱལ།", "才旦加", "ཡི་དམ་ཚེ་རིང་།", "叶旦才让" ], "caption": "Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa sings a song called \"The Sun Rises Above the Mountain Pass\"\n", "descriptions": [ "Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa sings a song called \"The Sun Rises Above the Mountain Pass\"\n", "<p>གླུ་འདིས་བོད་མིའི་རིན་ཐང་ལྟ་ཚུལ་དང་དྲིན་གཟོའི་བསམ་བློ་མངོན་ཡོད་པ་དང་། ཐོག་མར་རང་ལ་ཐར་བ་དང་ཐམས་ཅད་མཁྱེན་པའི་ལམ་སྟོན་མཁན་གྱི་བླ་མར་བསྟོད་ཡོད་པ་དང་། བར་དུ་མི་ལུས་རིན་ཆེན་གནང་བའི་དྲིན་ཅན་ཕ་མ་གཉིས། ཐ་མར་རང་གི་ཆུང་སྐྱེས་ཆུང་འགྲོགས་ཁ་ཡ་ན་ཟླ་ཚོར་བསྟོད་པ་བྱས་ཡོད། བོད་མི་ཞིག་ལ་མཚོན་ན་འཇིག་རྟེན་འདིར་རང་ལ་དྲིན་ཆེ་བ་བླ་མ་དང་ཕ་མ། ཕུ་ནུ་སྤུན་ཟླར་དྲིན་གཟོོ་བྱེད་རྒྱུ་ནི་མི་ཚེའི་རིན་ཐང་ལྟ་ཚུལ་གལ་ཆེན་ཞིག་ཡིན།</p>\n", "<p>This is a video of Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa singing a song called \"The Sun Rises Above the Mountain Pass.\" This song is part of a series of folk songs from the Rebgong cultural area.</p>\n", "English", "གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དུ་རང་གི་བླ་མ་དང་ཕ་མ། ཁ་ཡ་ན་ཟླ་སོགས་ལ་བསྟོད་པ་བྱས་ཡོད།\n", "Tibetan", "Tibetan" ], "summary": "<p>གླུ་འདིས་བོད་མིའི་རིན་ཐང་ལྟ་ཚུལ་དང་དྲིན་གཟོའི་བསམ་བློ་མངོན་ཡོད་པ་དང་། ཐོག་མར་རང་ལ་ཐར་བ་དང་ཐམས་ཅད་མཁྱེན་པའི་ལམ་སྟོན་མཁན་གྱི་བླ་མར་བསྟོད་ཡོད་པ་དང་། བར་དུ་མི་ལུས་རིན་ཆེན་གནང་བའི་དྲིན་ཅན་ཕ་མ་གཉིས། ཐ་མར་རང་གི་ཆུང་སྐྱེས་ཆུང་འགྲོགས་ཁ་ཡ་ན་ཟླ་ཚོར་བསྟོད་པ་བྱས་ཡོད། བོད་མི་ཞིག་ལ་མཚོན་ན་འཇིག་རྟེན་འདིར་རང་ལ་དྲིན་ཆེ་བ་བླ་མ་དང་ཕ་མ། ཕུ་ནུ་སྤུན་ཟླར་དྲིན་གཟོོ་བྱེད་རྒྱུ་ནི་མི་ཚེའི་རིན་ཐང་ལྟ་ཚུལ་གལ་ཆེན་ཞིག་ཡིན།</p>\n", "language": [ "Tibetan" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "<p>This is a video of Tsethar Bum from Yonru Village in Chentsa singing a song called \"The Sun Rises Above the Mountain Pass.\" This song is part of a series of folk songs from the Rebgong cultural area.</p>\n" ], "description_type_s": "song", "description_lang_s": "English", "caption_lang_s": "English", "caption_alt_txt": [ "གླུ་འདིའི་ནང་དུ་རང་གི་བླ་མ་དང་ཕ་མ། ཁ་ཡ་ན་ཟླ་སོགས་ལ་བསྟོད་པ་བྱས་ཡོད།\n" ], "caption_alt_lang_ss": [ "Tibetan" ], "summary_lang_s": "Tibetan", "creator_role_ss": [ "Producer", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Editor" ], "contributor_ss": [ "Tsethar Bum" ], "contributor_role_ss": [ "Performer" ], "date_start": "2015-11-08T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 3292, "duration_i": 114, "duration_s": "1 min 54 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Repgong Folk Songs Project (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3939" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-3939", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-3939" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Repgong Folk Songs Project" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 3939 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "The Sun Rises above the Mountain Pass: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area", "creator_sort_s": "Tibetan & Himalayan Library", "_version_": 1823055904534167600, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:53:13.525Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-1170" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6308", "subjects-6121", "subjects-6132", "subjects-6164", "subjects-638" ], "header": "The Sun Rises above the Mountain Pass: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "The Sun Rises above the Mountain Pass: Folk Songs from the Rebgong Cultural Area", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/sun-rises-above-mountain-pass-folk-songs-rebgong-cultural-area?f=N4XyA" } }
Creating a Wool Hat (3 of 3) audio-video-39076
The third and final phase shows how to finish the hat's edges.
Once the hat shape is created, the edges should be finished. This white hat was edged in place. People wear this type of hat for any occasion.
- Related Places
- Tsekhok (places-1171)
- Related Subjects
- Northeastern Tibet (Amdo) Collections (subjects-6308)
- subjects-6721 (subjects-6721)
- Amdo Group (subjects-654)
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This white hat was edged in place. People wear this type of hat for any occasion. </p>\n", "false", "English", "English", "ཕྱིང་ཞྭ་ལ་མཐའ་རྒྱན་སྤྲ་ཚུལ་གསལ་བཤད་བྱས་ཡོད།\n", "羊毛帽边装饰方式。\n", "Tibetan", "Chinese", "<p>ཞྭ་མོའི་དབྱིབས་བཟོས་རྗེས་མཐའ་རྒྱན་གཏོང་ཚུལ་བཤད། སྤྱིར་ཞྭ་འདི་ནི་ཕྱིང་བ་དཀར་པོའི་ཐོག་ཏུ་རས་ནག་པོས་མཐའ་རྒྱན་སོགས་སྤྲས་ཡོད། དུས་ངེས་མེད་དུ་གྱོན་པའི་ཞྭ་རིགས་གཙོ་ཤོས་ཀྱི་གྲས་སུ་གཏོགས། </p>\n", "<p>在完成了帽子的基本形状后,就要制作边饰,对于白色的羊毛帽身,一般以黑布做边饰。这是一种常年可戴的帽子。</p>\n", "Tibetan", "Chinese" ], "summary": "<p>Once the hat shape is created, the edges should be finished. This white hat was edged in place. People wear this type of hat for any occasion. </p>\n", "language": [ "Amdo Group" ], "asset_subtype": "video", "description": [ "false" ], "caption_lang_s": "English", "summary_lang_s": "English", "caption_alt_txt": [ "ཕྱིང་ཞྭ་ལ་མཐའ་རྒྱན་སྤྲ་ཚུལ་གསལ་བཤད་བྱས་ཡོད།\n", "羊毛帽边装饰方式。\n" ], "caption_alt_lang_ss": [ "Tibetan", "Chinese" ], "summary_alt_txt": [ "<p>ཞྭ་མོའི་དབྱིབས་བཟོས་རྗེས་མཐའ་རྒྱན་གཏོང་ཚུལ་བཤད། སྤྱིར་ཞྭ་འདི་ནི་ཕྱིང་བ་དཀར་པོའི་ཐོག་ཏུ་རས་ནག་པོས་མཐའ་རྒྱན་སོགས་སྤྲས་ཡོད། དུས་ངེས་མེད་དུ་གྱོན་པའི་ཞྭ་རིགས་གཙོ་ཤོས་ཀྱི་གྲས་སུ་གཏོགས། </p>\n", "<p>在完成了帽子的基本形状后,就要制作边饰,对于白色的羊毛帽身,一般以黑布做边饰。这是一种常年可戴的帽子。</p>\n" ], "summary_alt_lang_ss": [ "Tibetan", "Chinese" ], "creator_role_ss": [ "Creator", "Director", "Cinematographer", "Editor", "Producer" ], "date_start": "2018-07-10T00:00:00Z", "url_thumb_width": "190", "url_thumb_height": "107", "url_thumb_size": "30000", "trid_i": 26436, "duration_i": 781, "duration_s": "13 min 1 sec", "mogrified_s": "true", "collection_idfacet": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-3", "Nomadic Folk Traditions from Tsekhok (audio-video)|audio-video-collection-16526" ], "collection_uid_s": "audio-video-collection-16526", "collection_uid_path_ss": [ "audio-video-collection-3", "audio-video-collection-16526" ], "collection_title_path_ss": [ "Tibetan and Himalayan Library ", "Nomadic Folk Traditions from Tsekhok" ], "collection_nid_path_is": [ 3, 16526 ], "projects_ss": [ "tibet" ], "title_sort_s": "Creating a Wool Hat (3 of 3", "creator_sort_s": "Tsering Gyel", "_version_": 1823055904547799000, "timestamp": "2025-02-03T16:53:13.525Z", "kmapid_strict_places": [ "places-1171" ], "kmapid_strict_subjects": [ "subjects-6308", "subjects-6721", "subjects-654" ], "header": "Creating a Wool Hat (3 of 3)", "tree": "audio-video", "display_label": "Creating a Wool Hat (3 of 3)", "url_asset_nav": { "string": "https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/creating-wool-hat-3-3?f=N4XyA" } }
The Logic of the Nonconceptual audio-video-1205
Anne Carolyn Klein discusses an early Bon Dzogchen text, The Authenticity of Open Awareness
false
- Related Places
- Virginia (places-69834)
- Related Subjects
- subjects-5958 (subjects-5958)
- subjects-5959 (subjects-5959)
- subjects-916 (subjects-916)
- English (subjects-570)
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